SatSel: A Satellite Selection Algorithm to reduce delivery time in DTN-Nanosatellite Networks for Internet Access in Rural Areas.

There are some different ways to connect rural areas to the Internet. One of these provides the use of a nanosatellite constellation. This type of network allows people in rural areas to enjoy all services the Internet can offer keeping low the cost of Internet access. One of the critical aspect is related to the delivery time, because LEO satellite links are not always up. This means that the system must be able to deal with periodic disruptions and high delays in the path from the source to the destination, considering that data could be stored in nanosatellite, Internet gateway (also called hot spot), and rural gateway (also called cold spot) buffers also for several seconds or minutes waiting to be forwarded. In the path from rural areas to the Internet, it is possible to reduce data delivery time acting on rural gateways. We propose SatSel: a selection algorithm which allows the cold spots to choose the nanosatellite to whom upload data in order to reduce the data delivery tim

Peripheral immune response in <i>Ngr1/2</i>^−/− mice.

<p>Analysis of peripheral T cell response (A–B): Single cell suspensions from draining lymph nodes of immunized <i>Ngr1/2</i>^−/− or WT mice were restimulated <i>in vitro</i> with either MOG 35–55 peptide or anti-CD3 and resulting T cell proliferation was assessed by ³H-thymidine incorporation (A). Cytokine production by CD4⁺ T cells was assessed by intracellular cytokine staining after <i>ex vivo</i> restimulation with PMA/ Ionomycin. Representative staining images are shown (B). Analysis of peripheral B cell activation (C–D): Anti-MOG antibody titres in serum were quantified at peak of disease (n≥14) in comparison to healthy controls (HC, n≥6) as described in material and methods (C). Activated B cells and plasma cells were quantified by flow cytometry in splenocytes. Representative staining images are shown (D). Results represent mean ± s.e.m. (n≥5).</p

Neuronal and axonal damage in <i>Ngr1/2</i>^−/− mice.

<p>Neuronal and axonal loss was quantified in WT and <i>Ngr1/2</i>^−/− animals 30 days after EAE induction and compared to unimmunised healthy controls (HC). Cell bodies of ventral horn motor neurons were stained with anti-NeuN antibody and neuronal nuclei were counted in cervical spinal cord sections (A). Scale bars represent 50 µm. Loss of neuronal nuclei in chronic EAE was statistically significant (p<0.01), while differences between genotypes was not (p = 0.35; two-way ANOVA). Axons in the dorsal column (B) and corticospinal tract (C) were stained with anti-neurofilament (NF) antibodies SMI-31 and SMI-32 and quantified as described in material and methods. Axonal loss in chronic EAE was statistically significant (p<0.01 for DC, p<0.05 for CST), while differences between genotypes was not (p = 0.42 for DC axons, p = 0.86 for CST axons; two-way ANOVA). Scale bars represent 20 µm. Representative staining images are shown. Results are mean ± s.e.m.. (n≥3 for HC and n = 7 for diseased animals).</p