Arthralgia location.

<p><b><i>Group A1: RT PCR CHIKV positive patients. Group A2: RT PCR CHIKV negative, IgM anti CHIKV positive, IgG anti CHIKV negative patients. Group B: RT PCR CHIKV negative, IgM anti CHIKV negative, IgG anti CHIKV negative patients.</i></b></p><p><b><i>Group A1 vs. Group A2: ^¤¤¤ p<0.001, ^¤¤ p<0.01, ^¤ p<0,05.</i></b></p><p><b><i>Group A1 vs. Group B:</i></b> *** <b><i>p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0,05.</i></b></p><p><b><i>Average, standard deviation, percentage in parenthesis are indicated.</i></b></p

Clinical signs.

<p><b><i>Group A1: RT PCR CHIKV positive patients. Group A2: RT PCR CHIKV negative, IgM anti CHIKV positive, IgG anti CHIKV negative patients. Group B: RT PCR CHIKV negative, IgM anti CHIKV negative, IgG anti CHIKV negative patients.</i></b></p><p><b><i>Group A1 vs Group A2: ^¤¤¤ p<0.001, ^¤¤ p<0.01, ^¤ p<0,05.</i></b></p><p><b><i>Group A1 vs. Group B:</i></b> *** <b><i>p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0,05.</i></b></p><p><b><i>Average, standard deviation, percentage in parenthesis are indicated.</i></b></p

Cutaneomucosal signs.

<p><b><i>Group A1: RT PCR CHIKV positive patients. Group A2: RT PCR CHIKV negative, IgM anti CHIKV positive, IgG anti CHIKV negative patients. Group B: RT PCR CHIKV negative, IgM anti CHIKV negative, IgG anti CHIKV negative patients.</i></b></p><p><b><i>Group A1 vs. Group A2: ^¤¤¤ p<0.001, ^¤¤ p<0.01, ^¤ p<0,05.</i></b></p><p><b><i>Group A1 vs. Group B:</i></b> *** <b><i>p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0,05.</i></b></p><p><b><i>Average, standard deviation, percentage in parenthesis are indicated.</i></b></p

Demographic data.

<p><b><i>Group A1: RT PCR CHIKV positive patients. Group A2: RT PCR CHIKV negative, IgM anti CHIKV positive, IgG anti CHIKV negative patients. Group B: RT PCR CHIKV negative, IgM anti CHIKV negative, IgG anti CHIKV negative patients.</i></b></p><p><b><i>Group A1 vs. Group A2: ^¤¤¤ p<0.001, ^¤¤ p<0.01, ^¤ p<0,05.</i></b></p><p><b><i>Group A1 vs. Group B:</i></b> *** <b><i>p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0,05.</i></b></p><p><b><i>Average, standard deviation, percentage in parenthesis are indicated.</i></b></p

Biological parameters.

<p><b><i>Group A1: RT PCR CHIKV positive patients. Group A2: RT PCR CHIKV negative, IgM anti CHIKV positive, IgG anti CHIKV negative patients. Group B: RT PCR CHIKV negative, IgM anti CHIKV negative, IgG anti CHIKV negative patients.</i></b></p><p><b><i>Group A1 vs. Group A2: ^¤¤¤ p<0.001, ^¤¤ p<0.01, ^¤ p<0,05.</i></b></p><p><b><i>Group A1 vs. Group B:</i></b> *** <b><i>p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0,05.</i></b></p><p><b><i>Average, standard deviation, percentage in parenthesis are indicated.</i></b></p><p>^#<b><i>Physiological ranges.</i></b></p

Estimating Chikungunya prevalence in La Réunion Island outbreak by serosurveys: Two methods for two critical times of the epidemic-1

On-based SEROCHIK survey (right scale). For the serosurvey, both self-reports (all subjects who have declared that they have been infected, without taking into account serology results) and confirmed self-reports (with a positive serology) are noted. We refer to the date of first clinical signs declared by the subjects during the survey conducted between August 172006 and October 202006. "Suspected cases" are defined as cases with a sudden onset of fever with temperature > 38.5°C and incapacitating arthralgia.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Estimating Chikungunya prevalence in La Réunion Island outbreak by serosurveys: Two methods for two critical times of the epidemic"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/8/99</p><p>BMC Infectious Diseases 2008;8():99-99.</p><p>Published online 28 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2528011.</p><p></p

Estimating Chikungunya prevalence in La Réunion Island outbreak by serosurveys: Two methods for two critical times of the epidemic-0

On-based SEROCHIK survey (right scale). For the serosurvey, both self-reports (all subjects who have declared that they have been infected, without taking into account serology results) and confirmed self-reports (with a positive serology) are noted. We refer to the date of first clinical signs declared by the subjects during the survey conducted between August 172006 and October 202006. "Suspected cases" are defined as cases with a sudden onset of fever with temperature > 38.5°C and incapacitating arthralgia.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Estimating Chikungunya prevalence in La Réunion Island outbreak by serosurveys: Two methods for two critical times of the epidemic"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/8/99</p><p>BMC Infectious Diseases 2008;8():99-99.</p><p>Published online 28 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2528011.</p><p></p

CHIKV Productively Infects Human Primary Macrophages

<div><p>(A–C) Human monocyte–derived macrophages were exposed to CHIKV for 4 h and extensively washed, and CHIKV replication was analyzed by different methods. Data are representative of at least four independent experiments, with cells from eight different donors.</p> <p>(A) CHIKV-infected macrophages. Cells were infected with CHIKV at an moi of 10. At the indicated time points, cells were stained with anti-CHIKV antibodies and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Two magnifications are depicted (objectives ×25 and ×40). NI, noninfected cells.</p> <p>(B) Release of infectious virus in supernatants<i>.</i> Macrophages were infected at various mois as stated. At the indicated time points, levels of infectious virions in supernatants were measured by limiting dilution on Vero cells. Results are expressed as TCID50/ml. Macrophages from three representative donors are depicted.</p> <p>(C) Viral RNA in supernatants<i>.</i> Levels of viral RNA in supernatants from the same experiment depicted in (B) were measured by real-time PCR.</p></div

Cell Tropism of CHIKV

<div><p>(A–C) The indicated human cell lines or primary cells were exposed to CHIKV at an moi of 10. At 24 h pi, cells were fixed, stained with anti-CHIKV antibodies, and analyzed by flow cytometry. The percentage of CHIKV-infected cells is indicated. Data are representative of at least three independent experiments. For primary cells, at least three different donors were analyzed.</p> <p>(A) Examples of sensitive and refractory cell types.</p> <p>(B) Sensitivity of adherent cells to CHIKV infection.</p> <p>(C) Sensitivity of primary blood-derived cells to CHIKV infection. The indicated cell lines, as well as nonactivated PBMCs, activated CD4+ lymphocytes, monocytes, and monocyte-derived DCs were analyzed.</p></div

CHIKV Is a Cytopathic Virus

<div><p>(A) CHIKV-infected dying cells. At 24 h after CHIKV infection, HeLa cells were fixed, stained with anti-CHIKV antibodies, and analyzed by confocal microscopy.</p> <p>(B) Viability of cell cultures. HeLa cells were infected with CHIKV at the indicated moi. After 24 h pi, cell viability was measured in a colorimetric assay (MTT cell viability test). Data are mean ±SD of triplicates and representative of five independent experiments;</p> <p>(C) Apoptosis of CHIKV-infected cells. At 24 h pi (moi 10), HeLa cells were doubly stained with anti-active caspase-3 and anti-capsid antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. The percentage of caspase-3 positive and negative cells among CHIKV positive cells is depicted. Similar results were obtained with another marker of apoptosis (TUNEL, not shown). Data are representative of three independent experiments.</p> <p>NI, noninfected cells.</p></div