Study selection for inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analysis.

<p>Study selection for inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analysis.</p

Meta-regression for PPH ≥1000 ml.

1<p>One dataset excluded from meta-regression as it was unclear whether it only included vaginal deliveries or whether caesarean deliveries were also included.</p>2<p>AOR = Adjusted odds ratio.</p>3<p>Adjusted for region and method of measurement of blood loss.</p

Prevalence of PPH ≥500 ml.

1<p>From test of heterogeneity.</p>2<p>Where studies presented PPH prevalence by parity or gestation the data set was disaggregated into two data sets and consequently the total number of data sets is higher for parity and gestation that the total number for the overall estimate.</p>3<p>In one of the studies which stratified PPH prevalence by parity there was some information missing for parity for some of the women and so they were excluded from this analysis; consequently the total number of women giving birth for the parity analysis is slightly lower than the women used in the overall analysis.</p

Description of datasets in each region.

<p>Description of datasets in each region.</p

Meta-regression for PPH ≥500 ml.

1<p>AOR = Adjusted odds ratio.</p>2<p>Adjusted for region, management of deliveries and method of measurement of blood loss.</p>3<p>Mode of delivery and management of deliveries are correlated (correlation coefficient = 0.60, P<0.001).</p

Definitions of parameters and variables.

<p>Definitions of parameters and variables.</p

Adjusted point parameter estimates, maximum log-likelihoods, and risk of mortality attributable to <i>Onchocerca volvulus</i> infection.

a<p>Dose-response models were fitted assuming microfilarial loads were measured with error. MLL: Maximum Log Likelihood; AR: Attributable Risk.</p>b<p>The degree of measurement error is summarized by parameter <i>k</i> of the negative binomial distribution, which is an inverse measure of extra-Poisson variation in the distribution of microfilarial counts measured per individual.</p>c<p>Evaluated at the posterior means of the estimated parameters; analogous to the maximum log-likelihood of the model.</p>d<p>Naïve: Point parameter estimates assuming no measurement error in microfilarial loads (see <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001578#pntd-0001578-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>);</p>e<p>Poisson measurement errors;</p>f<p>Measurement error estimated from published data <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001578#pntd.0001578-Picq1" target="_blank">[43]</a>;</p>g<p>Arbitrarily large measurement error.</p>h<p>Parameter value fixed, not estimated.</p

Summary of mortality data collected by the onchocerciasis control programme in West Africa From 1974 through 2001.

a<p>Inclusion criteria comprise all the consistency checks described in the text plus participation in at least two surveys.</p

Measurement error-adjusted microfilarial loads plotted against their observed values.

<p>Each panel corresponds to an adjustment for a different assumed magnitude of measurement error as defined by parameter <i>k</i> of the negative binomial measurement error model (see <i>Measurement Error</i> section in the main text). In panel A, <i>k</i>→∞ which corresponds to Poisson measurement error. In panel B, <i>k</i> = 15 as estimated from published data <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001578#pntd.0001578-Picq1" target="_blank">[43]</a> (see <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001578#pntd.0001578.s003" target="_blank">Protocol S3</a>). In panel C, <i>k</i> = 1, which corresponds to an arbitrarily large degree of measurement error. In each panel the solid red line is the diagonal representing perfect agreement between observed and adjusted microfilarial loads.</p

Relative mortality risk with increasing <i>Onchocerca volvulus</i> microfilarial load in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme cohort.

<p>Observed (open squares) and fitted (solid line) relative risk of mortality, with fitted (log-)sigmoid dose-response model adjusted to the average age of individuals within the cohort. Shaded (grey) area represents the 95% Bayesian credible interval around the fitted line; vertical error bars are 95% confidence intervals around observations. Inset permits visual inspection of the mortality relative risk at parasite loads ≤40 microfilariae per skin snip.</p