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Towards Inclusive Education in Rwanda An assessment of the socio-political contributors to Inclusive Education developments

The impetus of the Rwandan government in developing free and accessible 9 years of basic education for all children since 2007 has notably been remarkable. The commonwealth education award-winning policy seems to have drawn along the enthusiasm of the entire Rwandan community, in making schooling more accessible to even the most disadvantaged. The present paper is concerned that despite the innovative and pro-vulnerable policy initiatives, the support to learners with disabilities and other Special Educational Needs (SEN) remains comparatively low, leading to a persistently diminished proportion of learners with SEN accessing basic education. However, in few communities, agency-led inclusive education projects have seen notable school transformations towards improved accommodation of learners with diverse SEN even where resources and awareness is modest. Yet, in even many more communities, agency-led projects have perpetuated the tradition of leaving the children unschooled and/or dependent on charity and local perceptions on disability, often resulting in exclusion from skills development and social participation. The paper reflects on ways of achieving sustained education for all children with (SEN) vis-à-vis the prevailing socio-political dynamics. It explores the local community resources, as the source of local synergies and home-grown initiatives that could benefit both ordinary and disadvantaged learners in their neighborhood schools.Key Words: Inclusive Education, Local community inputs, development agencies, socio-political dynamic

Hemostatic system activation and reperfusion injury in liver machine preservation and transplantation of extended criteria donor livers

For patients with end-stage liver disease and certain types of hepatic malignancies, liver transplantation is universally accepted as the most effective and only curable treatment available. The success of liver transplantation has ironically however, become one of the greatest challenges faced by transplant health professionals worldwide as a great discrepancy continues to exist between the supply of suitable donor livers for transplantation and the demand. In an effort to tackle the donor organ scarcity, a significant proportion of additional donor organs has resulted from the increased reliance on the use of extended criteria donor (ECD) livers. Such livers include; livers from older donors, livers that exceed the traditionally accepted degree of steatosis (or in lay terms; “fatty livers”) and livers donated after circulatory death (DCD). In fact, in 2018 in the Netherlands, more than 50% of deceased donor liver transplants were derived from DCD donors. Several studies have shown that selective use of ECD livers results in successful transplantation procedures and acceptable survival rates following transplantation. Nevertheless, a higher incidence of post-transplant morbidity such as early allograft dysfunction, (severe) intraoperative bleeding and life threatening biliary complications, have been reported after transplantations with ECD livers. Studies have shown that these are largely attributed to by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IR injury) incurred by these organs during the procurement, preservation and implantation processes. Machine perfusion (MP) is a promising alternative preservation modality that allows for the storage of donor organs under conditions simulating in vivo physiology. Therefore, ischemia, and subsequently, ischemia-reperfusion injury is minimized. In this thesis more insight is provided into (1) the incidence of bleeding and coagulation problems in DCD transplantation, (2) machine perfusion as a method to (better) preserve ECD-DCD donor livers to reduce intra- and postoperative complications and (3) the effect of machine perfusion on the coagulation system and on ischemia-reperfusion damage in ECD-DCD donor livers

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The trade effect of African Free Trade Areas (FTA) 2008-2017: A Gravity Model Analysis

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2020. 8. 안덕근.아프리카 자유무역구역(FTAs)은 아프리카 지역 국가들이 관세 인하를 통해 다른 지역경제공동체(RECs) 혹은 지역무역구역(RTAs) 내 상품과 서비스의 교역을 증진하도록 하는 지역 경제 통합의 가장 중요한 목적 중 하나이다. 본 연구는 아프리카자유무역지역(FTAs)의 설립 목적을 분석하고, 그레비티 모형(Gravity Model)을 활용하여 그 효과를 분석하고자 한다. 분석 결과, 지역무역지대(RTAs)의 회원 국가의 무역량은 상당히 증가하였으나, 비회원국의 교역량은 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 비회원국의 교역량의 감소는 정치적 불안정성과도 깊은 연관이 있는 것으로 분석되었으며, 이는 결국 국가의 무역 실적은 관세 인하 효과뿐만 아니라 국가의 정치적 의지에 의해 달성된다는 것을 나타낸다.African Free Trade Areas (FTAs) are one of the most significant purposes of the Regional and economic integration that have made African countries group themselves into different Regional economic communities (RECs) also called Regional Trade Areas (RTAs) so as they can enhance and promote trade of goods and services among them with minimum restrictions. This study has been conducted in objective to analyze the establishment of African Free Trade Areas(FTAs) and their trade effect; with the use of Gravity Model analysis, the results found showed in some cases that a country being a member State of a regional Trade Area in Africa increased significantly its trade volume which means the increase of intra-regional trade but for other cases the results showed that there was trade volume declines; the important reason for the declines was that there is a significant relationship of trade declines and political instability which meant that trade performance would not only be achieved from tariff alleviation but also political will of Committed Nations.CHAPTER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background of the Study 1 1.2. Statement of The Problem 3 1.3. Objectives of the study 4 1.4. Research Question 4 I.5. Hypothesis 4 1.6. Scope of the study 4 1.7. Limitations of the Study 5 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.1. Definition of Concepts 6 2.1.1. Free Trade Area (FTA) 6 2.1.2.1. African Economic Community (AEC) 8 2.1.3. Preferential tariff rates comparison of the RTAs 16 2.2. Review of other studies on Trade effects of FTAs 17 2.3. Review of existing studies on Trade effects of African Regional Trade Areas (RTAs) 18 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 22 3.2 Methodology 26 CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION 30 4.1 ALGERIA 30 4.2. EGYPT 33 4.3. MADAGASCAR 35 4.4. SOUTH AFRICA 39 4.5. TANZANIA 41 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 45 5.1. EMPIRICAL FINDINGS 45 5.2. POLICY RECOMMENDATION 47 5.3. RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDIES 48 5.4 CONCLUSION 48 REFERENCES: 50 ANNEX 1. LIST OF COUNTRIES USED IN THE STUDY 54 ANNEXE 2: LIST OF THE REGIONAL TRADE AREAS (RTAs) AND THEIR MEMBER STATES 55 초록 57Maste

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A Study of Pension System Reform in Tanzania

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 행정대학원 글로벌행정전공, 2020. 8. Kim, Sangheon.This research attempts to assess stakeholders engagement in Tanzania public sector reform to examine how they are engaged in the reform processes and to what extent. The main argument towards stakeholders engagement is that stakeholders are the key part in reforming process, and failure of this can result in unstable reform implementation. Most of the public sector reforms in Tanzania claim to incorporate stakeholders in the reform process, but during execution and implementation of reform, some of the reforms fail to be well implemented and face number of limitations and criticism from different stakeholders of such particular sector of reform. By studying the recent reform process that took place in pension system in Tanzania, the study assessed the engagement of stakeholders during the reform process of the pension system. The approach of a qualitative and descriptive study was used to answer the research questions. A sample of 144 respondents consists of workers association union (83 respondents), top managers from pension funds (40 respondents) and members of parliaments (21 respondents) participated in the survey. The method used for conducting survey was online survey questionnaire, which produced also the required results for data manipulation and graphs layouts. Research study findings have shown that the recent pension system reform in Tanzania was passed and reached the implementation stage without the proper stakeholders engagement. Moreover, not only it was passed without the consent of majority stakeholders, but also the content of reform was not clear to stakeholders. Responses from the members of parliament have also shown that the reforms bill was passed without their consent, and they claimed that there was some external pressure (out of the parliament) to pass the reforms bill.본 연구는 탄자니아 공공 부문 개혁에 대한 이해관계자들의 참여를 평가하여 그들이 개혁 과정에 어떻게 참여하고 있는지 그리고 어느 정도까지 관여하고 있는지를 검토하였다. 이해관계자들의 참여에 대한 주된 주장은 모든 개혁과정에서 이해관계자들이 핵심 요소라는 것이며, 이것의 실패는 불안정한 개혁 이행으로 이어질 수 있다는 것이다. 탄자니아에서의 대부분의 개혁은 개혁과정에서 이해당사자들을 포함시킬 것을 주장하지만, 개혁의 실행 과정에서 일부 개혁은 제대로 이행되지 못하고 한계와 비판에 직면하게 된다. 본 연구는 탄자니아의 연금제도에서 발생한 최근의 개혁과정을 연구함으로써 연금제도의 개혁 과정 중 이해관계자들의 참여를 평가하였으며, 질적 연구 및 기술적 연구 방식을 본 연구 질문에 답하는데 사용하였다. 144명의 응답자는 근로자 협회(83명), 연기금 최고 책임자(40명), 국회의원(21명) 등으로 구성됐다. 설문조사를 실시하기 위해 사용된 방법은 데이터 분석과 그래프 분석에 필요한 결과를 산출하는 온라인 조사방법을 사용하였다. 그 결과, 최근 탄자니아의 연금제도 개혁안이 통과되었고 적절한 이해관계자의 참여 없이 시행 단계에 이르는 것으로 나타났다. 게다가 다수 이해관계자의 동의 없이 통과되었을 뿐만 아니라, 개혁의 내용도 이해당사자들에게 명확하지 않았다. 의원들의 반응도 개혁안이 동의 없이 통과된 것을 보여주며, 개혁안을 통과시키라는 외압이 있었다고 주장하였다.Chapter One: Introduction 1 1.1. Background of the Study: 1 1.2.Statement of the Problem 2 1.3.Research objective: 3 1.4.Significance of the study 3 1.5.Research questions 4 1.6.Research hypothesis 4 Chapter Two: Literature Review 5 2.1.Scope and boundaries of the public sector 5 2.2.View of Tanzania's public sector 7 2.3. Theoretical perspective of public sector reform and change 8 2.4.Conceptual underpinning of reforms in public sector 9 2.5.Reform implementation impediments and challenges 12 2.6.Public sector reform from the late 1980s 14 Chapter Three: Research Methodology 18 3.1.Research design 18 3.2.Population and study area 18 3.3.Sample 18 3.4.Data type 19 3.5.Data collection instruments 19 3.6.Data analysis method and presentation 20 Chapter Four: Results Analysis 21 4.1.Demographics of respondents 21 4.2. Stakeholders' identification and prioritization 27 4.2.1. Responses on whether stakeholders were well informed 27 4.2.2 Results on recognition and coverage range of key stakeholders 30 4.2.3 Responses to measure communication between government and stakeholders 32 4.2.4 Responses to see if stakeholders were given sufficient time to participate 35 4.3 Inclusiveness of stakeholders in the debate of reform processes 37 4.3.1 Responses to measure acceptance of stakeholders' comments on reform 38 4.3.2 Responses on stakeholders' consent on reform implementation 40 4.3.3 Responses on occasional meetings between government and takeholders 43 4.4 Understanding the content of reform 45 4.4.1 Responses to see if the content and objectives were clear 45 4.4.2 Responses on elaboration of complex terms in reform 48 4.4.3 Responses on reforms' objective towards improving the pension system 50 4.5 Engagement of members of parliament in passing the reform bill 53 4.5.1 Passing the bill under the consent of majority in the parliament 53 4.5.2 Responses on presence of external pressure when passing the bill 54 4.5.3 Responses to see if pension system needed to be reformed 56 4.5.4 Responses on time provided to discuss the reform bill 57 Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendations 58 5.1. Summary of activities 58 5.2. Conclusion 58 5.3. Implications 59 5.4. Dissemination and Implementation 60 5.5. Recommendation for further studies 60 Bibliography 62 Abstract in Korean 65 Acknowledgement 67Maste