[In Press] Global health diplomacy : provision of specialist medical services in the Republic of Botswana

Global Health Diplomacy (GHD) can be defined as the convergence between public health and international affairs. The following case report demonstrates the impact of “brain drain” on provision of specialist medical services in Botswana, a middle-income country in Southern Africa and how GHD is being used to address the challenge. Botswana's priorities include the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 which are embedded within the Ministry of Health and Wellness (MOHW) strategy. MOHW strategies include access to health services, reduction in the cost of referral of specialist services, and strengthening primary health care (PHC), which is the vehicle for attaining Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Botswana has, in the past tried to bridge this gap through strategic partnerships with private institutions and bilateral treaties with other states such as the Republic of Cuba and the People's Republic of China. In the private sector, the Ministry has partnered with Indus Medical Group, and a range of private medical institutions both in-country and outside the country. However, challenges experienced with previous partnerships were that the objectives were more service-driven than capacity building, which proved to be unsustainable. The case report outlines the negotiation process between the Government of Botswana represented by MOHW, and St. Paul Medical Missions, a religion-based NGO from Egypt. It demonstrated the importance of all actors and countries being clear on their health priorities at the start of negotiations. GHD is a relatively new concept that can be explored by countries in forming durable partnerships

The development of an emergency sepsis care algorithm in Botswana

Introduction: Sepsis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in populations with a high prevalence of HIV, but the full package of early goal directed therapy (EGDT) for sepsis is not feasible in most low and middle-income countries. The objective was to develop emergency adult sepsis care guidelines for Botswana appropriate to available resources and local epidemiology in referral hospitals and in lower levels of care. Methods: The individual components of guidelines from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign were compared with available resources for their applicability in a tertiary referral hospital in Botswana. Antibiotics were chosen based on the hospital antibiogram, national antibiotic guidelines, and the cost and availability of antibiotics. The preliminary algorithm was presented to emergency centre medical officers in a referral hospital for feasibility and acceptability of implementation. The referral hospital guideline was further modified as part of a National Guidelines Project for suitability to all levels of care. Results: An acceptable and feasible sepsis algorithm was developed and implemented in a referral hospital in Botswana in accordance with the established hospital process. In turn, it served as the basis for the development of a national guideline. Discussion: The principles of EGDT are adaptable to Botswana, and are likely to be adaptable to a variety of low- and middle-income countries on the basis of local resources and epidemiology. Further research is needed to study adherence and outcome related to the modified guidelines