AI-ready data in space science and solar physics: problems, mitigation and action plan

In the domain of space science, numerous ground-based and space-borne data of various phenomena have been accumulating rapidly, making analysis and scientific interpretation challenging. However, recent trends in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) have been shown to be promising in the extraction of information or knowledge discovery from these extensive data sets. Coincidentally, preparing these data for use as inputs to the AI algorithms, referred to as AI-readiness, is one of the outstanding challenges in leveraging AI in space science. Preparation of AI-ready data includes, among other aspects: 1) collection (accessing and downloading) of appropriate data representing the various physical parameters associated with the phenomena under study from different repositories; 2) addressing data formats such as conversion from one format to another, data gaps, quality flags and labeling; 3) standardizing metadata and keywords in accordance with NASA archive requirements or other defined standards; 4) processing of raw data such as data normalization, detrending, and data modeling; and 5) documentation of technical aspects such as processing steps, operational assumptions, uncertainties, and instrument profiles. Making all existing data AI-ready within a decade is impractical and data from future missions and investigations exacerbates this. This reveals the urgency to set the standards and start implementing them now. This article presents our perspective on the AI-readiness of space science data and mitigation strategies including definition of AI-readiness for AI applications; prioritization of data sets, storage, and accessibility; and identifying the responsible entity (agencies, private sector, or funded individuals) to undertake the task

Studies on potential for ionisation of diffused hydrogen at palladium/alkali interface

lnlhe potentiostatic charging technique for measurement of permeation current, an anodic potential is applied to the palladium coated side of the steel membrane, to ionise the permeated hydrogen. Different authors have applied dierent potentials ranging from +200 mV to -560 mV with respect to HgIHgO electrode. In the studies on the exact range of potentials, two regions of plateau, both in the negative and positive regions were observed in the plotting of permeation current vs. apphied potential. In situ cyclic voltammetric studies, carried out at palladium side of steel membrane, in 0.2 M NaOH solution, gave rise to two reproducible humps at -200 mV and - 360 mV, indicating the exact range of potentials for the ionisation of permeated hydrogen. This observation was substantiated by measuring the actual quantum of ionisation at intetvals of 25 mV, both in the negative and positive plateau regions. Cyclic voltammetric studies with pure palladium, steel and palladised steel in 0.2N NaOH solution are also found to support the finding that the region of -200 mV to -360 mV with respect to HgIHgO electrode is the most suitable to be adopted for the efficient ionisation of diffused hydrogen in the permeation cell

A rare case of acid-fast bacilli in chylothorax

Chylothorax is a rare cause of pleural effusion. Here we present a case of chylous pleural effusion in which acid-fast bacilli (AFB) was demonstrated (by AFB direct smear examination). The patient had been suffering from chronic pancreatitis for one year and had undergone pancreatoduodenostomy nine months back. He presented with abdominal pain and dyspnea of six months duration and his chest skiagram showed right-sided pleural effusion. Thoracocentasis showed milky white pleural fluid with triglyceride content of 678 mg/dl, diagnostic of chylothorax. The patient clinically improved and his pleural effusion also completely resolved with anti-tuberculosis treatment

Switchable THz Guided Mode Enhancement in Subwavelength Thick PTFE — Polyimide Based Metamaterial Devices

We report an efficient approach to enhance terahertz (THz)-guided modes for realizing subwavelength thick metamaterial devices (MMD). Here, a combination of hollow and slitted rings of the vanadium dioxide ( $VO_{2}$ )-based metasurface, having perfect impedance matching with free space, is considered to cause tight coupling in the unit cells while reducing transverse field components of the boundary. The consolidated dielectric layer of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-polyimide underneath, maintaining a gradual change in refractive indices, brings about further improvement for a broader spectrum. Through strategic and systematic design steps, a maximum impedance bandwidth of 5.68 THz, ranging from 4.42 to 10.10 THz, has been achieved here from a structure thinner than a wavelength. Additionally, mode-independent polarization insensitivity and tunability are attained through the symmetrical unit cell pattern of temperature-dependent $VO_{2}$ . Optimized design parameters agree with interference cancellation theory too. Validation of our presented design is performed using theoretical analysis based on equivalent circuit theory. The proposed design offers a new avenue for designing ultra-thin broadband absorbers, light modulators, etc

Non-Destructive Examination of Corroded Concrete Structuers using Radiography

Concrete detoriation and reinforcement corrosion occur due to many reasons. These two factors weaken the structural strength and result in the premature failiure of the structures situated in aggressive environments. The condition of the concrete as well as rebar embeded in it has to be assesed befor taking up any remedial or repair stratergy. Several electrochemical non-destructive techniques are vailable for this purpose. Some of them lead to indirect conclusions and some lead to partial quantification of corrosion. Radiographic technique is one of the promising non-destructive methods for determining the porostity of concrete, voids in the cement grout, rusting of mild steel, rusting of prestressing steel and snapping of prestressing wires. Laboratory and field experiments were carried out on model slabs, beams and concrete structures to study the various aspects of concrete corrosion. A 6 Mev high energy equipment was used for this purpose. Concrete thickness upto 30 cm was radiographed. Suitable safety measures were undertaken while carrying out the above work. The data obtained during this radiographic work and x-ray photographs were analysed as per requisites of photogrametric data analysis and results are presented in this paper. This pioneering work has yielded very intresting and usefull results regarding the quality of concrete and grouting, condition of prestressed wires and other non-prestressed steel