ショウガク 1ネンセイ ニオケル ヨウチエン シュッシンシャ ト ホイクショ シュッシンシャ ノ エイヨウ セッシュ ジョウキョウ ノ ヒカク

京都市内の一小学校の1年生120名を対象者に, 6月の休日および平日各1日に摂取した全食品の摂食量の記録を保護者に依頼し, 回答のあった男子41名, 女子47名, 計88名(73.3%)の栄養素および食品群別摂取量を出身別に比較検討した。その結果, 幼稚園出身者が保育所出身者より有意に高値を示したのは, 男子の果実類摂取量, 女子の脂質摂取量, 脂肪エネルギー比率であった。その他の項目では出身別に有意な差は認めなかった。全体において, 推定平均必要量以下の者の割合は, カルシウムは男子56.1%, 女子55.3%, 鉄は男子29.3%, 女子27.7%, ビタミンCは男子34.1%, 女子31.9%, 脂肪エネルギー比率が30%以上の割合は男子61.0%, 女子63.8%, 食塩6g以上の割合は男子78.0%, 女子68.1%と高かった。これより, 小学1年生において出身別の差は少ないこと, カルシウム, 鉄の不足者割合が高く, 脂質及び食塩の摂取量が目標量を超える者の割合が多い可能性が示唆された

ショクジ セッシュ キジュン 2010ネンバン ニ ヨル カンリ エイヨウシ ヨウセイ カテイ ノ ジョシ ガクセイ ノ エイヨウ シンタイ カツドウ ヒョウカ

The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of women university students in the third-grade of a registered dietitian training course, based on the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese(2010). We initially selected 46 students, and obtained valid responses from 41 students(89.1%). We performed body measurements, blood tests, a dietary weighing method for 3 days, and the measurement of physical activity by the accelerometer. In regard to the physique and blood test of the subjects, 24.4% were underweight, 4.9% were obese and 20.0% were anemic. The dietary weighing method showed that the rate of women who took vitamin C below the estimated average requirement was 90.0%, that of folic acid, iron and calcium were 41.0%, 83.0%, and 68.0% respectively. While the rate of salt intake greater than the dietary goal (7.5g/day)was 36.5%, the rate of fat energy ratio greater than the dietary goal(30%)was 31.7%. The average number of steps per day was 8,907 ± 2,293. These results showed that there was an overall insufficient intake of total energy, vitamins, and minerals, indicating that further nutritional management for the women students is required

Association of Postbreakfast Triglyceride and Visit-to-Visit Annual Variation of Fasting Plasma Glucose with Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) was measured at baseline and after a median follow-up of 6.0 years in 161 patients with type 2 diabetes. Intrapersonal means and SD of HbA1c, systolic BP, fasting, and postmeal plasma glucose (FPG and PMPG, resp.) and serum triglycerides (FTG and PMTG, resp.) were calculated in each patient during the first 12 months after enrollment. Associations of these variables with nephropathy progression (15 patients with progression of albuminuric stages and 5 with ACR doubling within the microalbuminuric range) were determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis providing odds ratio with 95% confidential interval. Patients with nephropathy progression, compared with those without nephropathy progression, had higher HbA1c (p<0.01). They also had higher means and SD of FPG (both p<0.05), FTG (both p<0.05), and PMTG (p=0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that SD-FPG (1.036, 1.001–1.073, p=0.04) and PMTG (1.013, 1.008–1.040, p=0.001) were significant predictors of progression of nephropathy even after adjustment for mean FPG and SD-FTG, age, sex, BMI, waist circumference, diabetes duration and therapy, means and SDs of HbA1c, PPG, FTG and systolic BP, baseline ACR, smoking status, and uses of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications. Consistency of glycemic control and management of postmeal TG may be important to prevent nephropathy progression in type 2 diabetic patients

Characteristic dietary habits associated with high values of estimated 24-hours urinary sodium excretion and sodium-to-potassium ratio assessed by age group among the residents of a rural town in Japan

Excess salt intake causes hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined estimated 24-h urinary sodium (Na) excretion and sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio and analyzed the association between estimated 24-h urinary salt excretion (urinary salt excretion) and dietary habits by age group to develop effective public health programs to promote salt reduction. A total of 4,051 subjects aged 30–74 years old received information during periodic health checkups. In the analysis, 1,202 subjects without hypertension whose urine samples and dietary habits were confirmed (29.7%; 483 men and 719 women) were included. The median urinary salt excretion was 9.1 g/day in men and 8.6 g/day in women. Daily intake of soups in men aged <50 years old and daily intake of beans, soups, or pickles in women aged ≥70 years old were associated with high values of urinary salt excretion (p = .03, p < .01, p = .01, and p = .02, respectively). The median urinary Na/K ratio (mEq/mEq) was 4.4 in both men and women. Daily intake of vegetables in men aged <50 years old and more than 3 days/week intake of fruit in women aged 50–59 and 60–69 years old were associated with lower values of urinary Na/K ratio (p = .03, p < .01, and p < .01, respectively). These findings revealed that dietary salt reduction should be promoted according to age group with regard to differences in dietary habits associated with high values of estimated 24-h urinary Na excretion and urinary Na/K ratio

Estimation of salt intake and sodium-to-potassium ratios assessed by urinary excretion among Japanese elementary school children

Dietary salt intake is largely responsible for the increase in blood pressure with age. It is important to start effective prevention approaches during childhood. In this study, we estimated salt intake and sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratios assessed by urinary excretion among elementary school children in Kyoto, Japan. A total of 331 subjects aged 9–11 years participated in school checkups in April 2015. Urinary concentrations of sodium, potassium, and creatinine were measured in first morning urine samples. The subjects’ dietary habits were confirmed by questionnaires completed by their parents. The median estimated urinary sodium excretion was 129.0 mmol/day (5.7g/day of salt). In 30.2% of the subjects, their estimated salt intake exceeded their age-specific dietary goal for salt intake recommended by the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2015. Multivariate linear regression model analysis after adjustment for age revealed a significant positive correlation between seaweeds or fish paste products consumption and the estimated salt intake (p = 0.02 and 0.02, respectively). The median urinary Na/K ratio (mEq/mEq) was 4.5. Multivariate linear regression model analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between fruit consumption and urinary Na/K ratio (p = 0.04). These results suggest that the high sodium intake and the high Na/K ratios occur among Japanese elementary school children, and that the urinary Na/K ratio in children may be reduced by the daily consumption of fruit

Associations of adipose insulin resistance index with leg (gluteofemoral) fat (inverse) and serum alanine aminotransferase (positive) in young Japanese women

Aim: Associations of the adipose tissue insulin resistance index (AT-IR, a product of fasting insulin and free fatty acid) with body fat distribution and the ratio of alanine to aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST), a marker of hepatosteatosis, were examined in the context of the metabolic syndrome. Methods: Legs, the trunk and body fat by DXA, blood pressure (BP) and blood chemistry were measured in 284 young Japanese female university students and 148 middle-aged biological mothers whose BMI averaged <23 kg/m2. Results: Young women had higher leg fat/body fat and lower trunk fat/body fat ratio (both p < 0.001) compared with middle-aged women but AT-IR did not differ between the two groups. We had multivariable linear regression analysis for AT-IR as a dependent variable including leg fat/body fat ratio, trunk fat/body fat ratio, fasting glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and systolic BP as independent variables. Leg fat/body fat ratio, fasting glucose and triglyceride (p = 0.013, 0.009 and 0.016, respectively) emerged as determinants of AT-IR in young women. Trunk fat/body fat ratio and fasting glucose (p = 0.003 and 0.019, respectively) emerged in middle-aged women. In a model which included ALT/AST as an additional independent variable, ALT/AST (p = 0.016) was the fourth independent determinant in young women and the single determinant of AT-IR in middle-aged women (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In young Japanese women, adipose tissue insulin resistance was associated with reduced leg fat, a subtle partial lipodystrophy-like phenotype associated with reduced adipose tissue expandability. It was associated with elevated trunk (abdominal) fat in middle-aged women and with ALT/AST, a marker of hepatosteatosis, in two groups of Japanese women, suggesting ectopic fat deposition associated with reduced adipose tissue expandability