Принцип процесуальної економії в кримінальному судочинстві України

Канюка І. М. Принцип процесуальної економії в кримінальному судочинстві України : автореф. дис. ... канд. юрид. наук : 12.00.09 / І. М. Канюка; кер. роботи А. Б. Романюк; Нац. ун.-т "Одеська юридична академія". – Одеса, 2015. – 20 с.Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.09 – кримінальний процес та криміналістика; судова експертиза; оперативно-розшукова діяльність. – Національний університет «Одеська юридична академія», Одеса, 2015. Дисертація присвячена комплексному дослідженню поняття, змісту та механізму реалізації принципу процесуальної економії в кримінальному провадженні України. У роботі обґрунтовано необхідність спрощення та прискорення кримінально-процесуальної діяльності. Досліджено процес історичного розвитку та становлення принципу процесуальної економії, взаємозв’язок даного принципу з іншими засадами кримінального провадження. На основі норм чинного законодавства, слідчо-судової практики та наукових праць учених-процесуалістів розкрито механізм реалізації принципу процесуальної економії під час досудового розслідування та судових стадій кримінального провадження. Обґрунтовано необхідність ширшого застосування диференціації кримінально-процесуальної форми та запропоновано конкретні шляхи її реалізації в законотворчому процесі України. За результатами дослідження сформульовано пропозиції щодо вдосконалення кримінального процесуального закону в напрямку реалізації принципу процесуальної економії у кримінальному провадженні.Диссертация на соискание научной степени кандидата юридических наук по специальности 12.00.09 – уголовный процесс и криминалистика; судебная экспертиза; оперативно-розыскная деятельность. – Национальный университет «Одесская юридическая академия», Одесса, 2015. Диссертация посвящена комплексному исследованию понятия, содержания и механизма реализации принципа процессуальной экономии в уголовном производстве Украины. В работе обоснована необходимость упрощения и ускорения уголовной процессуальной деятельности. Исследованы исторический процесс развития и становления принципа процессуальной экономии, взаимосвязь данного принципа с другими началами уголовного производства. Установлено, что идея процессуальной экономии внутренне присуща уголовно-процессуальной деятельности, она выступает двигателем рациональной организации уголовного процесса и играет важнейшую роль в повышении эффективности системы уголовного судопроизводства. Данная идея имеет все необходимые признаки принципа уголовного процесса, что позволяет рассматривать ее в качестве одного из основных начал уголовного производства и определять как руководящую идею уголовного судопроизводства, направленную на оптимизацию уголовно-процессуальной формы и рационализацию уголовно-процессуальной деятельности посредством их ускорения, упрощения и удешевления. Принцип процессуальной экономии в уголовном процессе влияет как на все уголовно-процессуальные отношения в целом, так и на процессуальные правоотношения в отдельных стадиях уголовного производства. Наиболее отчетливо влияние принципа проявляется, в частности, в правовых нормах, регулирующих вопросы процессуальных сроков, а также использования научно-технических средств в уголовном производстве. Важным с точки зрения действия принципа процессуальной экономии является отказ законодателя от стадии возбуждения уголовного дела, ключевым является влияние данного принципа на правовое регулирование определения места досудебного расследования, объединения и разъединения материалов производства, институт частного иска в уголовном процессе и т.п. Сама природа судебных стадий по пересмотру судебных решений определяет существенное влияние принципа на их процедуру. Сделан вывод о том, что одной из важнейших движущих сил дифференциации уголовно-процессуальной формы является принцип процессуальной экономии. Именно действием в первую очередь этого принципа обусловлено появление в уголовном процессе Украины института производства на основании сделок. Существенное влияние этот принцип оказывает на правовое регулирование уголовного производства в форме частного обвинения, уголовного производства относительно уголовных проступков. Обоснована необходимость более широкого внедрения дифференциации уголовно-процессуальной формы и предложены конкретные пути ее реализации в законотворческом процессе Украины, в первую очередь посредством введения в отечественный уголовный процесс института заочного производства. По результатам исследования сформулированы предложения, направленные на совершенствование уголовного процессуального закона в части, регламентирующей реализацию принципа процессуальной экономии в уголовном производстве.Thesis for a candidate degree in juridical sciences, Specialty 12.00.09 – Criminal procedure and criminalistics; Forensic inquiry; Operational investigation search activities. – National University “Odessa Law Academy”, Odessa, 2015. The thesis is devoted to the complex research of definition, content and mechanism of realization of the principle of procedural economy in the criminal procedure of Ukraine. The necessity of simplifying and accelerating the criminal procedural activity is substantiated in the thesis. The process of historic development and establishment of the principle of procedural economy, the relationship of this principle with other principles of criminal procedure were researched. On the basis of norms of current legislation, investigation-court practice and scientific papers of scientists working in the field of legal proceedings, the mechanism of realization of the principle of procedural economy during the pre-trial investigation and court stages of criminal procedure was discovered. The necessity of wider implementation of differentiation of criminal procedural form is justified and specific ways of its realization in the legislative procedure of Ukraine are suggested. On the basis of the results of the study proposals concerning the improvement of criminal procedural law in the direction of realization of the principle of procedural economy in the criminal proceedings were formulated

Apoplastic and vascular defences

The apoplast comprises the intercellular space between cell membranes, includes the xylem, and extends to the rhizoplane and the outer surfaces of the plant. The apoplast plays roles in different biological processes including plant immunity. This highly specialised space is often the first place where pathogen recognition occurs, and this then triggers the immune response. The immune response in the apoplast involves different mechanisms that restrict pathogen infection. Among these responses, secretion of different molecules like proteases, proteins related to immunity, small RNAs and secondary metabolites play important and often additive or synergistic roles. In addition, production of reactive oxygen species occurs to cause direct deleterious effects on the pathogen as well as reinforce the plant’s immune response by triggering modifications to cell wall composition and providing additional defence signalling capabilities. The pool of available sugar in the apoplast also plays a role in immunity. These sugars can be manipulated by both interactors, pathogens gaining access to nutrients whilst the plant’s responses restrict the pathogen’s access to nutrients. In this review, we describe the latest findings in the field to highlight the importance of the apoplast in plant – pathogen interactions and plant immunity. We also indicate where new discoveries are needed

Geometric approach to the phenomenological theory of phase transitions of the second kind

Geometrical approach to the phenomenological theory of phase transitions of the second kind at constant pressure $P$ and variable temperature $T$ is proposed. Equilibrium states of a system at zero external field and fixed $P$ and $T$ are described by points in three-dimensional space with coordinates $\eta$, the order parameter, $T$, the temperature and $\phi$, the thermodynamic potential. These points form the so-called zero field curve in the $(\eta, T, \phi)$ space. Its branch point coincides with the critical point of the system. The small parameter of the theory is the distance from the critical point along the zero-field curve. It is emphasized that no explicit functional dependency of $\phi$ on $\eta$ and $T$ is imposed. It is shown that using $(\eta, T, \phi)$ space one cannot overcome well-known difficulties of the Landau theory of phase transitions and describe non-analytical behavior of real systems in the vicinity of the critical point. This becomes possible only if one increases the dimensionality of the space, taking into account the dependency of the thermodynamic potential not only on $\eta$ and $T$, but also on near (local) order parameters $\lambda_{i}$. In this case under certain conditions it is possible to describe anomalous increase of the specific heat when the temperature of the system approaches the critical point from above as well as from below the critical temperature $T_{c}$.Comment: 20 pages. 2 figures. Requires elsart package available at ftp://ftp.shsu.edu/tex-archive/macros/latex209/contrib/elsevier

Sources for resistance to Soil-Borne Cereal Mosaic Virus (SBCMV) among cultivated accessions of common wheat and its wild relatives

Relatório de estágio do mestrado em Ensino da Educação Física nos Ensinos Básico e Secundário, apresentado à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física da Universidade de CoimbraO Relatório Final de Estágio insere-se no plano curricular do 2º ano do Mestrado em Ensino da Educação Física nos Ensinos Básico e Secundário, da Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física da Universidade de Coimbra. Este pretende que o professor estagiário demonstre competências de análise crítica fundamentada e reflexão aprofundada a partir da sua experiência de Estágio Pedagógico. O Estágio Pedagógico caracteriza-se por um período de formação curricular onde é permitido ao professor estagiário, de uma forma orientada, exercer e cumprir com todas as funções inerentes ao cargo docente. Este constitui portanto, a componente prática da aplicação dos saberes teóricos adquiridos durante a formação inicial. A transição entre a teoria e a prática só é possível através de um olhar crítico sobre o contexto real de prática pedagógica, de modo a serem utilizados os meios mais eficazes para o desenvolvimento de aprendizagens significativas face à especificidade da realidade em que nos inserimos. No meu caso, o Estágio Pedagógico foi realizado na Escola Básica e Secundária da Quinta das Flores, no ano letivo de 2013/2014, sendo lecionada a disciplina de Educação Física à turma do 11ºA. Este estágio representa o culminar da formação académica e a aproximação à prática profissional, em que todas as experiências vivenciadas, aprendizagens realizadas e conhecimentos adquiridos devem representar as competências necessárias para o desenvolvimento de uma prática docente na área da Educação Física. O Relatório de Estágio pretende assim englobar toda a descrição e reflexão sobre as atividades desenvolvidas e aprendizagens realizadas durante o estágio pedagógico. Este relatório divide-se em três áreas fundamentais. A primeira trata-se de uma contextualização da prática desenvolvida. A segunda consiste numa análise reflexiva sobre a prática pedagógica. A terceira é o aprofundamento de um tema-problema, uma investigação realizada sobre: "A pertinência do uso do modelo de ensino "Teaching Games for Understanding" no ensino de jogos desportivos coletivos de invasão. Comparação da evolução de desempenhos entre duas turmas na modalidade de Andebol." The Final Training Report is part of the curriculum of the second year of the Master in Physical Education Teaching in Basic and Secondary Education at the School of Sport Science and Physical Education in Coimbra University. This report is intended to demonstrate the ability to make a reasoned critical analysis and deep reflection based on the experience as a Trainee Teacher. The Pedagogical Training is characterized by a period of training curriculum where the trainee teacher is allowed to exert and fulfill with all the functions inherent to the teaching in a supervised manner.Thus, this is the practical component of the theoretical knowledge acquired during the initial education. The transition between the theory and practice is only possible through a critical eye on the real context of pedagogical practice in order to use the most effective means for the development of significant learning experiences in contrast to the specificity of the reality in which we live. In my own case, the Pedagogical Training was carried out in the Basic and Secondary School of Quinta das Flores in the school year of 2013 - 2014, where Physical Education was taught to the 11th A class. This training represents the culmination of the academic education and the approach to the professional practice, in which all the experiences, learnings and knowledge acquired previously shall represent the required skills for the development of a teaching practice in the area of Physical Education. In this way, the Training Report intends to encompass the entire description and reflection on the developed activities and apprenticeships carried out during the pedagogic training. This report is divided in three basic areas. The first area refers to a contextualization of the practice developed. The second consists of a reflective analysis of the pedagogical practice. The third is the deepening of a theme-problem, a research on "The relevance of the use of the teaching model "Teaching Games for Understanding” in teaching collective sport invasion games. A comparative study on the evolution of performances between two Handball teams.

Virus-mediated transient expression techniques enable gene function studies in black-grass

Even though considerable progress has been made in weed ecology, weed molecular biology has been hindered by an inability to genetically manipulate weeds. Genetic manipulation is essential to demonstrate a causative relationship between genotype and phenotype. Herein we demonstrate that virus-mediated transient expression techniques developed for other monocots can be used in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) for loss- and gain-of-function studies. We not only use virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) to create the black-grass exhibiting reduced PHYTOENE DESATURASE expression and virus-mediated overexpression (VOX) to drive GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN, we demonstrate these techniques are applicable to testing hypotheses related to herbicide resistance in black-grass. We use VIGS to demonstrate that AmGSTF1 is necessary for the resistant biotype Peldon to survive fenoxaprop application and show the heterologous expression of the bialaphos resistance gene with VOX is sufficient to confer resistance to an otherwise lethal dose of glufosinate. Black-grass is the most problematic weed for winter-cereal farmers in the UK and Western Europe as it has rapidly evolved adaptions that allow it to effectively avoid current integrated weed management practices. Black-grass also reduces yields and therefore directly threatens food security and productivity. Novel disruptive technologies which mitigate resistance evolution and enable better control over this pernicious weed are therefore required. These virus-mediated protocols offer a step change in our ability to alter genes of interest under controlled laboratory conditions and therefore to gain a molecular-level understanding of how black-grass can survive in the agri-environment

Exploring the diversity of promoter and 5’UTR sequences in ancestral, historic and modern wheat

A dataset of promoter and 5’UTR sequences of homoeo-alleles of 495 wheat genes that contribute to agriculturally important traits in 95 ancestral and commercial wheat cultivars is presented here. The high stringency myBaits technology used made individual capture of homoeo-allele promoters possible, which is reported here for the first time. Promoters of most genes are remarkably conserved across the 82 hexaploid cultivars used with <7 haplotypes per promoter and 21% being identical to the reference Chinese Spring. InDels and many high-confidence SNPs are located within predicted plant transcription factor binding sites, potentially changing gene expression. Most haplotypes found in the Watkins landraces and a few haplotypes found in T. monococcum, germplasms hitherto not thought to have been used in modern wheat breeding, are already found in many commercial hexaploid wheats. The full dataset which is useful for genomic and gene function studies and wheat breeding is available at https://rrescloud.rothamsted.ac.uk/index.php/s/3vc9QopcqYEbIUs/authenticate

Dissecting the molecular interactions between wheat and the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici

The Dothideomycete fungus Zymoseptoria tritici (previously known as Mycosphaerella graminicola and Septoria tritici) is the causative agent of Septoria tritici leaf blotch (STB) disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In Europe, STB is the most economically damaging disease of wheat, with an estimated ∼€1 billion per year in fungicide expenditure directed toward its control. Here, an overview of our current understanding of the molecular events that occur during Z. tritici infection of wheat leaves is presented. On the host side, this includes the contribution of (1) the pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) layer of plant defense, and (2) major Stb loci for resistance against Z. tritici. On the pathogen side of the interaction, we consolidate evidence from recent bioinformatic, transcriptomic and proteomic studies that begin to explain the contribution of Z. tritici effector proteins to the biphasic lifestyle of the fungus. This includes the discovery of chitin-binding proteins in the Z. tritici secretome, which contribute to evasion of immune surveillance by this pathogen, and the possible existence of ‘necrotrophic’ effectors from Z. tritici, which may actively stimulate host recognition in a manner similar to related necrotrophic fungal pathogens. We finish by speculating on how some of these recent fundamental discoveries might be harnessed to help improve resistance to STB in the world’s second largest food crop