The Association of Antimicrobials Use with Resistance Incidence in Independent Broiler Poultry Farms in Bogor District

The use of antimicrobials in livestock selects for antimicrobials resistance in the livestock sector what is a potential threat for human health. This study aims to determine the association between antimicrobials use and the incidence of resistance in commensal Escherichia coli in Indonesian broiler farms. Data was collected on the use of antimicrobials for 4-6 production periods on 19 independent broiler farms in Bogor Regency from 2019 to 2022 (97 cycles). At the end of one of the last cycles, a boot swab sample of the bedding/litter was taken and 25 E. coli strains were isolated per farm. A total of 475 isolates of E. coli were tested with Susceptibility using the microdilution (Sensititre®) method for determining phenotypic resistance. The association between the antimicrobials used (Treatment Frequency Used Daily Dose/TFUDD) in the long term (97 cycles) and the short term (in the end cycle in which the sample was taken, 19 cycles) with the proportion of resistance was analyzed using linear regression. Farms most frequently used antimicrobials which were categorized as Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials/HPCIA for human medicine (WHO, 2019). From 475 isolates of E. coli that were isolated, it was seen that the population of E. coli shows a high percentage of non-wildtype isolates (here called ‘resistant’). The highest resistance was seen to antimicrobials ciprofloxacin (93%), ampicillin (88%), tetracycline (83%), sulfamethoxazole (75%), and trimethoprim (71%). Of the 5 classes of antimicrobials analyzed, a significant association was found between the frequency of antimicrobials treatment and the proportion of resistance to quinolones and tetracyclines (

Hubungan Penggunaan Antimikroba terhadap Resistansi pada Peternakan Unggas Broiler Mandiri di Kabupaten Bogor

Penggunaan antimikroba di peternakan mengakselerasi proses resistansi antimikroba pada sektor peternakan dan berpotensi mengancam kesehatan manusia. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan penggunaan antimikroba dengan kejadian resistansi pada bakteri komensal Escherichia coli di peternakan unggas broiler. Data penggunaan antimikroba dikumpulkan selama 4-6 periode produksi (97 siklus) dan periode siklus akhir diambil 1 sampel litter dengan boot swab dari 19 peternakan broiler mandiri di Kabupaten Bogor selama 2019-2022, dan 25 strain E. coli diisolasi dari tiap peternakan. Sebanyak 475 isolat bakteri E. coli diuji Susceptibility dengan metode microdilution (Sensititre®) untuk resistansi fenotipik. Hubungan frekuensi pemberian antimikroba (Treatment Frequency Used Daily Dose/TFUDD) jangka panjang (97 siklus) dan jangka pendek (siklus akhir dimana diambil sampel, 19 siklus) dengan proporsi isolat resistan dianalisis menggunakan regresi linear. Peternakan paling sering menggunakan antimikroba yang termasuk dalam kategori Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials/HPCIA for human medicine (WHO, 2019). Dari 475 isolat E. coli yang diisolasi, terlihat bahwa tingginya persentase populasi E. coli non-wild type (‘resistan’). Resistansi tertinggi terhadap antimikroba ciprofloksasin (93%), ampisilin (88%), tetrasiklin (83%), sulfametoksazol (75%), dan trimethoprim (71%). Dari 5 kelas antimikroba yang dianalisa, didapatkan hubungan signifikan antara frekuensi pemberian antimikroba dan proporsi isolat resistan pada penggunaan jangka panjang terhadap kuinolon dan tetrasiklin (p<0.05), serta pada penggunaan jangka pendek terhadap makrolida (p<0.05) dan tetrasiklin (p<0.01).The use of antimicrobials in livestock selects for antimicrobials resistance in the livestock sector what is a potential threat for human health. This study aims to determine the association between antimicrobials use and the incidence of resistance in commensal Escherichia coli in Indonesian broiler farms. Data was collected on the use of antimicrobials for 4-6 production periods on 19 independent broiler farms in Bogor Regency from 2019 to 2022 (97 cycles). At the end of one of the last cycles, a boot swab sample of the bedding/litter was taken and 25 E. coli strains were isolated per farm. A total of 475 isolates of E. coli were tested with Susceptibility using the microdilution (Sensititre®) method for determining phenotypic resistance. The association between the antimicrobials used (Treatment Frequency Used Daily Dose/TFUDD) in the long term (97 cycles) and the short term (in the end cycle in which the sample was taken, 19 cycles) with the proportion of resistance was analyzed using linear regression. Farms most frequently used antimicrobials which were categorized as Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials/HPCIA for human medicine (WHO, 2019). From 475 isolates of E. coli that were isolated, it was seen that the population of E. coli shows a high percentage of non-wildtype isolates (here called ‘resistant’). The highest resistance was seen to antimicrobials ciprofloxacin (93%), ampicillin (88%), tetracycline (83%), sulfamethoxazole (75%), and trimethoprim (71%). Of the 5 classes of antimicrobials analyzed, a significant association was found between the frequency of antimicrobials treatment and the proportion of resistance to quinolones and tetracyclines (p<0.05) in long-term use, and macrolides (p<0.05) and tetracyclines (p<0.01) in short-term use