Manufacturing and Characterization of Roof Tiles a Mixture of Tile Waste and Coal Fly Ash

The study presented in this manuscript focuses on the manufacturing of roof tiles bearing a mixture of tile waste and coal fly ash. A roof tile sample at a different composition was prepared to attain consistence in quality. The conversion factors were described to be able to convert the laboratory results for firing strength and water absorption into the industrial operating conditions. It was determined that the replacement mixture of the tile waste as well as the Tunçbilek fly ash together with the Muttalip clay as the raw material allowed the manufacturing of good quality roof tiles. Seyitömer fly ash was not suitable for use as secondary raw material due to the presence of tile waste with higher SO3 and CaO contents and lower MgO content. In addition to this, maximum 5 % Tunçbilek fly ash samples in the composition of roof tiles provided favorable physical and mechanical characteristics of the commercial product

Movement of boron from ulexite and colemanite minerals in sapwood and heartwood ofCryptomeria japonica

This study evaluated boron diffusion from raw boron minerals ulexite and colemanite with low water solubility in comparison to disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT). Tests were conducted using sugi (Cryptomeria japonica(L.) f. D. Don) sapwood and heartwood blocks conditioned to 30, 60, and 90% target moisture content. The blocks were filled with the boron compounds through treatment holes and diffusion was observed at three assay zones across the blocks after 7, 30, 60 or 90-day incubation period at room temperatures. For comparison, ethylene glycol was also introduced into the holes to elevate boron diffusion. As expected, diffusion increased with increased moisture content and levels were higher at the 60% and 90% moisture levels compared to the 30% level. With some exceptions, boron levels did not follow consistent gradients with distance away from the treatment hole. Incorporation of ethylene glycol helped increase boron levels, even in heartwood blocks. Boron levels were higher from the ulexite source than from colemanite; however, DOT treatments resulted in the highest boron diffusion rates as a result of greater water solubility compared to both raw boron minerals. The results suggest that ulexite together with ethylene glycol may be useful in both sapwood and heartwood materials when kept at high moisture levels for extended periods

Colemanite: A Fire Retardant Candidate for Wood Plastic Composites

The use of raw boron minerals (i.e. tincalconite, colemanite, and ulexite) was evaluated to increase the fire performance of wood plastic composites (WPCs) in comparison with commercially available fire retardants (FRs). Cone calorimetry and limited oxygen index tests were performed to evaluate the fire properties of WPC specimens. Artificial weathering and 3-point bending tests were also performed on the test specimens loaded with the highest loading level of FRs. The most important decrease in the heat release rate values was 42% and 40% in the magnesium hydroxide-and colemanite-added WPCs at a loading level of 15% (w/w), respectively. Incorporation of colemanite and ulexite into the WPCs increased the limited oxygen index levels by nearly 13% at the same loading level. An increase was observed in the peak heat release rate values in all of the WPC specimens after accelerated weathering. All of the FRs had statistically improved MOE values compared with the control WPC specimens. In particular, the incorporation of zinc borate and borax increased the MOE values by approximately 48% and 42%, respectively. Similar to the effect on the MOE values, zinc borate and borax improved the modulus of rupture the most (approximately 18%)

New manufacturing methodology for boron-based rods for remedial treatments of wood: solubilities and some physical and thermal properties of the rods

Boron-based rods are ideal for remedial treatments in wood attacked by decay fungi, insects and termites as well as for preventive treatments of high-risk areas in structural timbers and logs internally. This study evaluated the solubility, some physical and thermal properties of the boron-based rods manufactured from either raw ulexite mineral, raw cole-manite mineral, di-sodium octa borate tetrahydrate (DOT), and their combination of silica-based plasticizer. This is the first attempt to produce ulexite and colemanite-based boron rods with/without additional compound by an extruder. To take the advantages of boron minerals, rods were produced with paste mixtures of boron compounds and plasticizer by a single-screw extrusion method. Solubility and thermal resistance tests as well as micro-hardness tests were performed to determine the quality and strength of the rods for discussing the on-site applications. The paste content was an important factor affecting the transport processes during single screw extrusion with special emphasis on the rod formation. No macro-structural changes were observed when the boron rods were exposed to heat at 30, 50, 70, 100, and 200 degrees C. According to the Kruskal-Wallis test, no significant difference was observed in micro-hardness values of thermally treated boron-based rods; however, at high temperatures up to 50 degrees C, there was a decrease in hardness of DOT rods. The rods manufactured by extrusion methods showed similar water solubility when compared to raw ulexite and colemanite minerals

Comparative evaluation of boron distribution from ulexite, colemanite and DOT rods in Scots pine wood

This study evaluated boron diffusion from rods made of raw boron minerals, ulexite and colemanite with low water solubility, in comparison with di-sodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT). Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood and heartwood blocks were conditioned to target moisture contents of 30%, 60%, and 90%. The rods were inserted into the blocks through treatment holes and boron diffusion was observed at three assay zones across the blocks after 7, 30, 60 and 90-day-incubation at room temperature. Ethylene glycol was also inserted into the holes to improve boron diffusion. Boron levels increased with increased wood moisture content. With some exceptions, boron in the assay zones did not tend to follow consistent amount gradients with distance from the treatment hole. Boron levels from ulexite rods were higher than those from colemanite rods, with DOT rods with the highest diffusion rates as a result of higher water solubility of DOT than ulexite and colemanite. The results suggest that ulexite-based rods may be useful in the presence of ethylene glycol in sapwood when wood is at high moisture content for extended periods

Colemanite: A Fire Retardant Candidate for Wood Plastic Composites

The use of raw boron minerals (i.e. tincalconite, colemanite, and ulexite) was evaluated to increase the fire performance of wood plastic composites (WPCs) in comparison with commercially available fire retardants (FRs). Cone calorimetry and limited oxygen index tests were performed to evaluate the fire properties of WPC specimens. Artificial weathering and 3-point bending tests were also performed on the test specimens loaded with the highest loading level of FRs. The most important decrease in the heat release rate values was 42% and 40% in the magnesium hydroxide-and colemanite-added WPCs at a loading level of 15% (w/w), respectively. Incorporation of colemanite and ulexite into the WPCs increased the limited oxygen index levels by nearly 13% at the same loading level. An increase was observed in the peak heat release rate values in all of the WPC specimens after accelerated weathering. All of the FRs had statistically improved MOE values compared with the control WPC specimens. In particular, the incorporation of zinc borate and borax increased the MOE values by approximately 48% and 42%, respectively. Similar to the effect on the MOE values, zinc borate and borax improved the modulus of rupture the most (approximately 18%)

Sodium borohydride hydrolysis-mediated hydrogenation of carbon dioxide, towards a two-step production of formic acid

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