CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM CAYRATIA TRIFOLIA (L.) STEM

Objective: The present study was to analyze the bioactive compounds from stem ethanolic extract of Cayratia trifolia by FTIR, HPTLC and GC-MS techniques.Methods: The FTIR was applied and infrared spectrum in mid-infrared region 4000-400 cm-1 was used, HPTLC fingerprinting profiles was done by using Hamilton syringe and CAMAG LINOMAT 5 instrument and GC-MS analysis of stem ethanolic extract of Cayratia trifolia (L.) was performed using the equipment Agilent technologies 7890 A.Results: The FTIR analysis identified the functional groups such as amine, acid, alkane, ketone acyclic, carbonyl, aromatic, ester and alkene. HPTLC fingerprinting profile proves the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponin and steroids. GC-MS revealed the presence of various compounds like hexadecanoic acid-ethylester, phytol, tetratetracontane, stigmasterol, nonacosane and octadecane-1-bromo-in stem ethanolic extract of Cayratia trifolia.Conclusion: In conclusion, Cayratia trifolia plant stems ethanolic extract holds more bioactive compounds that may lead to the development of novel drug against various diseases and disorders.Keywords: Cayrtaia trifolia, FTIR Spectroscopy, HPTLC analysis, GC-MS technique, Bioactive compoun

Fenchel-Rockafellar type duality for a non-convex non-differential optimization problem

AbstractA Fenchel-Rockafellar type duality theorem is obtained for a non-convex and non-differentiable maximization problem by embedding the original problem in a family of perturbed problems. The recent results of Ivan Singer are developed in this more general framework. A relationship is also established between the solutions and optimal values of the primal and dual problems using the theory of subdifferential calculus

QUANTITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY STUDIES IN ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AZOLLA MICROPHYLLA

ABSTRACTObjective: The study was intended to analyze phytochemicals quantitatively, evaluate in vitro antioxidant properties and to determine the bioactivecompounds in the crude extract of Azolla microphylla (AM) available at the local farms of Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu.Methods: The quantitative phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant analyses were performed using standard procedures. The bioactive compoundswere analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instrument.Results: The quantitative phytochemical analysis of AM revealed the presence of considerable amounts of phenols (90.2±2.85 mg gallic acidequivalents/g), tannins (82.2±5.25 mg tannic acid equivalents/g), flavonoids (58.5±1.87 mg quercetin equivalents/g), saponins (12.1±3.78 mg/g),and alkaloids (2.2±0.55 mg/g) in decreasing order of concentrations. The in vitro antioxidant analyses suggested that the whole plant extract of AMhas prominent antioxidant prospective against various free radicals such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothialozine-6sulphonicacid,nitric oxide,superoxide,and ferricionswhileascorbicacid being thestandardantioxidantused.The GC-MS analysisdisplayedthepresenceof21 bioactivecompounds, eachbelonging tovariouscategoriesofphytochemicalssuchas chalcones, terpenoids,fattyacids,coumarins,andsteroids.Conclusion: The results indicate that AM present in the local farms of Coimbatore is an effective scavenger of free radicals and has the potential to beused as a natural antioxidant which is attributed to the rich presence of secondary metabolites.Keywords: Azolla microphylla, Chalcones, Coumarins, Saponins

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF N-HEXANE LEAF EXTRACT OF ALPINIA PURPURATA (VIEILL.) K. SCHUM USING UV-VIS, FTIR AND GC-MS

Objective: The present study was carried out to characterize bioactive constituents present in n-hexane leaf extract of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum.Methods: Phytochemical screening of the leaf extract of Alpinia purpurata revealed the presence of some bio-active components. The crude extracts were scanned in the wavelength ranging from 200-800 nm by using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometers. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) was used to determine the functional groups in the plant. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was also performed to find major phytoconstituents present.Results: The phytochemical tests showed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, cardioglycosides, oils and fats, tannins and carbohydrates in n-hexane leaf extract of A. purpurata. In UV-Vis analysis there were sharp peaks from 200-700 nm. In FTIR analysis, the plant showed the presence of ester carbonyl and unsaturated carbonyl groups in 1708 and 1691 cmˉ¹ respectively. There were strong absorption bands at 2927 and 1452 cmˉ¹ due to CH and CH2 groups. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of different phytochemical compounds. This is the first time the presence of 4-Morpholinomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin 1.42%, Methanesulfonate of (3R,4S)-3-Propargyloxy-4-[(R)-1-hydroxy-3-phenyl-3-butenyl]-1-(p-methoxyphenyl)-2-azetidinone 2.28%, 5-Butyl-3-Methyl-1,2,3, 8a-Tetrahydroindolizine 6.48%, Phenol, 4-(3,7-dimethyl-3-ethenylocta-1,6-dienyl)-6.99%, 1-Naphthalenepropanol, à-ethenyldeca hydro-à,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-2-methylene-[1S-[1à (R*),4aá, 8aà]]-9.29%, Methenolone 10.93%, and Nonanamide, 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(2-methylpropyl)-N-benzyl-25.80% were reported on the leaf extract of Alpinia purpurata.Conclusion: From the results, it is evident that A. purpurata has various phytoconstituents and functional groups. The intensive study of the resultant active constituents will lead to the discovery of a novel botanical-drug

EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF AZOLLA FILICULOIDES IN GASTRIC MUCOSA OF ULCERATED RATS

Objective: To investigate the anti ulcer effect of aqueous extract of Azolla  filiculoides (AF) in experimentally induced gastric ulceration in male Wistar rats.Methods: Twenty four rats were divided into four groups of six rats in each group. The group I and III rats were fed with standard diet, whereas, group II and IV rats were pre-treated orally with aqueous extract of Azolla microphylla (200 mg/kg body) twice a day for 15 d. Twenty four hours before sacrifice, group III and IV rats were induced with ulcer by pylorus-ligation plus oral administration of a single dose of HCl-ethanol mixture (1.5 ml). The gastric juice and mucosal scraps were collected from all the groups for biochemical analyses.Results: In ulcer induced rats, there observed a significant (P<0.05) increase in the following parameters like ulcer index, gastric output, acid output, lipid peroxides and these levels were significantly (P<0.05) reduced to near normal values in AF pre-treated rats. A significant decrease was also observed in the levels of reduced glutathione, hexose, hexosamine, sialic acid and in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase) and antiperoxidative enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) in ulcer induced rats. These values were restored back to near normalcy in AF pre-treated rats.Conclusion: The results reinforce the antisecretory, acid neutralizing and the antioxidant potential of the whole plant extract of AF against experimentally induced gastric ulcer in rats. However, further studies are needed to identify the active principle involved in eliciting the antiulcer activity of the plant.Â

Biochemical analysis on crop shoots of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze tea from the selected UPASI-16 clone.

Commercial tea comes from plants belonging to a relatively large group of cultivated species of Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze. It is one of the oldest known beverages made from the tender leaves of the plants. The main aim of the present study is to analyze the presence of biochemicals in UPASI -16 clone. In the results, the UPASI -16 clone showed high catechin (22.88%), polyphenol (31.70%), polyphenol oxidase (1178.63 U/mg of protein) and tea enzyme peroxidase (729.72 µM of O2 formed min-1g-1 dry weight), catalase (1.89 µM H2O2 reduced min-1 mg-1 protein) and Super oxide dismutase (58.45 U/mg proteins). UPASI -16 showed high catechin content in segregated tea crop shoots from the first internodes (23.66%) followed by the first leaf (22.46%), second leaf and third leaf.  Tea quality flavonoid gene expression, while ANR (1.66%) and F3H (1.02%) were down regulated, F35H and ANS (2.82%) were up regulated in UPASI -16. Based on the results, it can be concluded that crop shoots of Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze selected clone of UPASI-16 may possess high amount of biochemicals and may further lead to development of commercial tea

An Efficient Hybrid Fuzzy-Clustering Driven 3D-Modeling of Magnetic Resonance Imagery for Enhanced Brain Tumor Diagnosis

Brain tumor detection and its analysis are essential in medical diagnosis. The proposed work focuses on segmenting abnormality of axial brain MR DICOM slices, as this format holds the advantage of conserving extensive metadata. The axial slices presume the left and right part of the brain is symmetric by a Line of Symmetry (LOS). A semi-automated system is designed to mine normal and abnormal structures from each brain MR slice in a DICOM study. In this work, Fuzzy clustering (FC) is applied to the DICOM slices to extract various clusters for di erent k. Then, the best-segmented image that has high inter-class rigidity is obtained using the silhouette fitness function. The clustered boundaries of the tissue classes further enhanced by morphological operations. The FC technique is hybridized with the standard image post-processing techniques such as marker controlled watershed segmentation (MCW), region growing (RG), and distance regularized level sets (DRLS). This procedure is implemented on renowned BRATS challenge dataset of di erent modalities and a clinical dataset containing axial T2 weighted MR images of a patient. The sequential analysis of the slices is performed using the metadata information present in the DICOM header. The validation of the segmentation procedures against the ground truth images authorizes that the segmented objects of DRLS through FC enhanced brain images attain maximum scores of Jaccard and Dice similarity coe cients. The average Jaccard and dice scores for segmenting tumor part for ten patient studies of the BRATS dataset are 0.79 and 0.88, also for the clinical study 0.78 and 0.86, respectively. Finally, 3D visualization and tumor volume estimation are done using accessible DICOM information.Ministerio de Desarrollo de Recursos Humanos, India SPARC/2018-2019/P145/SLUniversidad Politécnica de Tomsk, Rusia RRSG/19/500

RNomic identification and evaluation of npcTB_6715, a nonprotein- coding RNA gene as a potential biomarker for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Technological advances in RNA biology greatly improved transcriptome profiling during the last two decades. Besides the discovery of many small RNAs (sRNA) that are involved in the physiological and pathophysiological regulation of various cellular circuits, it becomes evident that the corresponding RNA genes might also serve as potential biomarkers to monitor the progression of disease and treatment. sRNA gene candidate npcTB_6715 was previously identified via experimental RNomic (unpublished data), and we report its application as potential biomarker for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in patient samples. For proof of principle, we developed a multiplex PCR assay and report its validation with 500 clinical cultures, positive for Mycobacteria. The analysis revealed 98.9% sensitivity, 96.1% specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 98.6% and 96.8%, respectively. These results underscore the diagnostic value of the sRNA gene as diagnostic marker for the specific detection of MTB in clinical samples. Its successful application and the general ease of PCR-based detection compared to standard bacterial culture techniques might be the first step towards ‘point-of-care’ diagnostics of Mycobacteria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time for the design of diagnostic applications based on sRNA genes, in Mycobacteria

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF MANILKARA ZAPOTA LEAF EXTRACT

Objective: Manilkara zapota is a medicinal plant which is native to Mexico and Central America, and widely distributed in India. Various parts of this plant are traditionally used for treatment of several diseases, including inflammation-associated ailments. The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of M. zapota leaf.Methods: In vitro secretary phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) assays and In vivo studies using carrageenan induced rat paw edema model were performed to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of M. zapota leaf extracts.Results: In vitro studies suggest that M. zapota leaf extracts exhibited significant SPLA2 and 5-LOX inhibitory activities. In in vivo studies M. zapota leaf extracts showed dose dependent inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. The anti-inflammatory activity of ethyl acetate leaf extract was superior to methanolic extract.Conclusion: This study concluded that ethyl acetate leaf extract of M. zapotaexhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity and warranted further investigation to isolate and identify the components.Â