Design and analysis of Low Power High Speed Pulse Triggered Flip Flop

The main important aspect is to outline a high speed and utilization of low power pulse triggered flip-flop and simulate the same. Also, we have to minimize leakage in the consumption of power in a flip-flop by employing pulse triggering technique that is adopted for clocks. Here, to solve the problem in the discharging path of the similar flip flop implementations, we employ signal feed through technique. The discharge time is reduced by the proposed method. This design out performs all the other similar pulse triggered flip flop implementation both in speed and power consumption. Now, it is implemented by employing Cadence Virtuoso Schematic Composer in 90nm GPDK. Simulation is done by a simulator known as Spectre

Power Theft Identification Using Embedded System

Today, power theft plays the key role in transmission losses of electricity from the generating station to the consumer end. About 30% of power produced is being theft. Though the electricity boards know that there is power theft in the area under their vigilance, they are not able to locate the area or location of theft. So, to identify the power theft and to communicate to the EB there needs a system to be developed. Here comes the system developed by us which will find the power theft if it happens and sends the information about the place of the theft to the nearby Electricity Board

The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment: World Ocean Assessment I

We used satellite-derived sea-surface-temperature (SST) data along with in-situ data collected along a meridional transect between 18.85 and 20.25°N along 69.2°E to describe the evolution of an SST filament and front during 25 November to 1 December in the northeastern Arabian Sea (NEAS). Both features were ∼ 100 km long, lasted about a week and were associated with weak temperature gradients (∼ 0.07°C km⁻¹). The in-situ data were collected first using a suite of surface sensors during a north–south mapping of this transect and showed the existence of a chlorophyll maximum within the filament. This surface data acquisition was followed by a high-resolution south–north CTD (conductivity–temperature–depth) sampling along the transect. In the two days that elapsed between the two in-situ measurements, the filament had shrunk in size and moved northward. In general, the current direction was northwestward and advected these mesoscale features. The CTD data also showed an SST front towards the northern end of the transect. In both these features, the chlorophyll concentration was higher than in the surrounding waters. The temperature and salinity data from the CTD suggest upward mixing or pumping of water from the base of the mixed layer, where a chlorophyll maximum was present, into the mixed layer that was about 60 m thick. A striking diurnal cycle was evident in the chlorophyll concentration, with higher values tending to occur closer to the surface during the night. The in-situ data from both surface sensors and CTD, and so also satellite-derived chlorophyll data, showed higher chlorophyll concentration, particularly at sub-surface levels, between the filament and the front, but there was no corresponding signature in the temperature and salinity data. Analysis of the SST fronts in the satellite data shows that fronts weaker than those associated with the filament and the front had crossed the transect in this region a day or two preceding the sampling of the front

Effect of urea on micelles: fluorescence of p-toluidino naphthalene sulphonate

Effect of urea on the fluorescence properties of p-toluidino naphthalene sulphonate (TNS) bound to triton-X and sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles has been studied. It is observed that on addition of urea, the critical micellar concentrations of the micelles increase and the fluorescence yield of TNS decreases considerably. The results are interpreted in terms of the model that urea displaces water molecules from the micellar interface and the consequent desolvation leads to removal of TNS molecules from the interfacial region

How do the contaminated environment influence the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 pandemic?

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that first appeared in Wuhan city and then globally. The COVID-19 pandemic exudes public health and socio-economic burden globally. Mathematical modeling plays a significant role to comprehend the transmission dynamics and controlling factors of rapid spread of the disease. Researchers focus on the human-to-human transmission of the virus but the SARS-CoV-2 virus also contaminates the environment. In this study we proposed a nonlinear mathematical model for the COVID-19 pandemic to analyze the transmission dynamics of the disease in India. We have also incorporated the environment contamination by the infected individuals as the population density is very high in India. The model is fitted and parameterized using daily new infection data from India. Analytical study of the proposed COVID-19 model, including feasibility of critical points and their stability reveals that the infection-free steady state is stable if the basic reproduction number is less than unity otherwise the system shows significant outbreak. Numerical illustrations demonstrates that if the rate of environment contamination increased then the number of infected persons also increased. But if the environment is disinfected by sanitization then the number of infected persons cannot drastically increase

Interaction of urea with fluorophores bound to protein surfaces

The effect of urea on the fluorescence properties of 6-(p-toluidino)-2-naphthalenesulfonate (TNS) and 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) bound to bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been studied by steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopy. The urea-induced structural changes of the protein are accompanied by an at least three-fold decrease of the emission yield (Φ<SUB>f</SUB>) of both TNS and ANS. The fluorescence lifetime (τ<SUB>f</SUB>), however, does not change much (ca. 10%). In a homogeneous medium [90% alcohol in water (v/v)], addition of urea leads to a decrease of both Φ<SUB>f</SUB> and τ<SUB>f</SUB> which is shown to be due to polarity-dependent twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) processes. It is suggested that addition of urea leads to the removal of some of the fluorophores bound to proteins. Since the fluorophores are almost non-fluorescent in aqueous media, the overall emission is still accounted for by those fluorophores bound to denatured protein. Thus τ<SUB>f</SUB> and the emission spectra remain more or less unchanged. The decrease in the number of fluorophores bound to proteins during denaturation causes a reduction of Φ<SUB>f</SUB>

Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer and rotamerism of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl) benzimidazole

Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) and rotamerism of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole (HPBI) have been studied using steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopy and by semi-empirical quantum-chemical methods. Two ground-state rotamers (I and II) with distinct excitation and emission spectra and lifetimes have been identified. Excitation of one of them (I) produces the normal emission while the other after excitation undergoes ultrafast ESIPT to form the tautomer (III) with Stokes-shifted emission. At 77 K the tautomer emission is markedly supressed as the rotamer, II, responsible for it, is less stable than I. CNDO/S-CI calculations were performed optimising the ground-state geometry by the AM1 method. These calculations give good estimates of the ground- and excited-state energies of the rotamers I and II and the tautomer, III