Application of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by the Croatian Constitutional Court

U radu se analiziraju odluke koje se odnose na upravnu materiju u kojima je odlučivao Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske od 1999. do rujna 2015. Ta je analiza relevantna jer pokazuje u kojoj mjeri javnopravna tijela te Ustavni sud u Republici Hrvatskoj vrednuju Europsku konvenciju za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda. Drugim riječima, ispituju se modeli primjene Europske konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda od Ustavnog suda u upravnim područjima te se pokušava odgovoriti na pitanje može li se govoriti o primjeni Europske konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda u pravom smislu riječi ili je prisutno tek puko pozivanje na pojedine njezine odredbe bez ulaska u dubinu i prijeko potrebnu analizu prakse ESLJP-a.Implementation of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the case law of the Croatian Constitutional Court in the period 1999-2015 is analysed. Several models of implementation are outlined. All respective constitutional court cases are systematised into five categories: a) implementation through direct application of the Convention or its individual provisions, b) implementation through application of the European Court of Human Rights’ case law, c) implementation through application of an individual provision of the Convention and the Court’s case law, d) implementation on the basis of four main criteria, length of the proceedings, work of the competent bodies, applicant’s behaviour, and case complexity, and e) implementation in cases in which only applicants allege violation of the Convention while the Constitutional Court has not explicitly mentioned the Convention in its decision. The coherence of the Croatian Constitutional Court’s case law with the case law of the ECtHR can be best observed in the category of implementation based on four main criteria (d). Almost identical decisions about reasonable length of the proceedings indicate that the Croatian Constitutional Court has harmonized its practice with the European Convention

Study areas.

<p>Study areas.</p

Average economic burden of dengue fever per episode^a.

<p>Average economic burden of dengue fever per episode<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006037#t003fn001" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

Overall study design.

<p>Overall study design.</p

Socio-economic factors influencing disease severity (regression outputs).

<p>Socio-economic factors influencing disease severity (regression outputs).</p

A Multi-country Study of the Household Willingness-to-Pay for Dengue Vaccines: Household Surveys in Vietnam, Thailand, and Colombia

<div><p>Background</p><p>The rise in dengue fever cases and the absence of dengue vaccines will likely cause governments to consider various types of effective means for controlling the disease. Given strong public interests in potential dengue vaccines, it is essential to understand the private economic benefits of dengue vaccines for accelerated introduction of vaccines into the public sector program and private markets of high-risk countries.</p><p>Methodology/Principal Findings</p><p>A contingent valuation study for a hypothetical dengue vaccine was administered to 400 households in a multi-country setting: Vietnam, Thailand, and Colombia. All respondents received a description of the hypothetical dengue vaccine scenarios of 70% or 95% effectiveness for 10 or 30 years with a three dose series. Five price points were determined after pilot tests in order to reflect different local situations such as household income levels and general perceptions towards dengue fever. We adopted either Poisson or negative binomial regression models to calculate average willingness-to-pay (WTP), as well as median WTP. We found that there is a significant demand for dengue vaccines. The parametric median WTP is $26.4 ($8.8 per dose) in Vietnam, $70.3 ($23.4 per dose) in Thailand, and $23 ($7.7 per dose) in Colombia. Our study also suggests that respondents place more value on vaccinating young children than school age children and adults.</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>Knowing that dengue vaccines are not yet available, our study provides critical information to both public and private sectors. The study results can be used to ensure broad coverage with an affordable price and incorporated into cost benefit analyses, which can inform prioritization of alternative health interventions at the national level.</p></div

Factors affecting household demand for dengue vaccine (regression results).

<p>* Significance at the 10% level</p><p>** at the 5% level</p><p>*** at the 1% level.</p><p>Robust standard errors in parentheses</p><p>Factors affecting household demand for dengue vaccine (regression results).</p

Study design.

<p>Study design.</p

Median willingness-to-pay per person.

<p>^a Turnbull lower bound estimate</p><p>^b Kristrom midpoint estimate</p><p>^c Values in parentheses show price per dose</p><p>Median willingness-to-pay per person.</p

Predicted coverage rates for different age groups.

<p>Predicted coverage rates for different age groups.</p