Fornix manual segmentation.

<p>Panel (a) shows the fornix mask extracted from the averaged DTI using the fiber tracking method. Panels (b–f) show the manual masks of the fornix labeled on the DTI of five subjects.</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample.

<p>Abbreviations: CON, control subjects; SCZ, patients with schizophrenia; SD, standard deviation.</p

Partial correlation analysis between DTI measures and clinical scores in left fornix and right CGH.

<p>Panels (a–c) respectively show the correlation profile of FA values along the left fornix with PANSS total score, PANSS positive symptom score and PANSS general psychopathology score. Panels (d–e) show the correlation profile of AD values along the right CGH with PANSS total score and PANSS positive symptom score. The anatomical landmarks of each tract are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0018652#pone-0018652-g006" target="_blank"><b>Figure 6</b></a>. Regions colored by gray are the anatomical locations with significant group difference at p<0.05 after Bonferroni correction. The range of p-values is indicated on each panel.</p

Delineation of the cingulum bundles.

<p>They include the segment adjoining the hippocampus (CGH) and the main cingulum (CGC). Panel (a) illustrates the 3D view of the brain, where the cingulum, hippocampus, and corpus callosum are colored in yellow, pink, and green. Panels (b–g) respectively show the sagittal, axial, and coronal slices of the average DTI color map, where the ROIs are defined for delineating CGH and CGC. CGH is defined by the ROIs given in panels (c, d) whereas CGC is defined by the ROIs given in panels (c, g). CGC is further divided into three partitions using the ROIs in panels (b, e, f).</p

The fornix and cingulum fiber tracts (yellow lines) and their mean curves (blue line).

<p>Panels (a, b) respectively illustrate the left and right fornix, where “H” and “F” indicate the orientation of the fornix bundle from the hippocampus to the thalamus. Panels (c, d) respectively illustrate the left and right cingulum in the hippocampus (CGH), where “S” and “O” indicate the orientation of CGH from the splenium of the corpus callosum to the hippocampus. Panels (e–j) show the left and right cingulum in the cingulate (CGC) from the anterior, middle, to the posterior segments, where “A”, “M”, and “P” indicate the orientation of CGC from the anterior to the posterior.</p

Delineation of the fornix bundle (Fx).

<p>Panel (a) illustrates the 3D view of the brain, where the fornix, hippocampus, corpus callosum are colored in yellow, pink, and green, respectively. Panels (b, c) show the coronal and axial slices of the mean DTI color map, where the ROIs are defined for delineating the fornix.</p

Tract-based analysis of DTI measures along fornix and cingulum.

<p>The top three rows respectively show FA, RD and AD profiles for left hemisphere, while the bottom rows show those for the right hemisphere. The panels from left to right respectively illustrate the profiles for regions of the fornix (Fx), cingulum adjoining the hippocampus (CGH), posterior cingulum (pCGC), middle cingulum (mCGC), and anterior cingulum tracts (aCGC). On each panel, solid line denotes the profile averaged over healthy controls, while dashed line denotes the profile averaged over patients with schizophrenia. The anatomical landmarks of each tract are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0018652#pone-0018652-g006" target="_blank"><b>Figure 6</b></a>. Regions colored by gray are the anatomical locations with significant group difference at p<0.05 after Bonferroni correction. The range of p-values is indicated on each panel.</p

ROI-based analysis of the cingulum DTI measures.

<p>Panels (a, c, e) and (b, d, f) respectively show the box plots of the FA, RD and AD values averaged over left and right cingulum regions of interest. Black and blue boxes represent the values in the control and schizophrenia groups, respectively. One, two and three red asterisks respectively denote the p-value less than 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01. Abbreviations: CGH, cingulum adjoining the hippocampus; aCGC, anterior cingulum; mCGC, middle cingulum; pCGC, posterior cingulum.</p

The spatial distribution of cortical regions showing significant gender effect.

<p>The color bar represents F values of group comparison. L and R represent left and right hemisphere, respectively. For the abbreviations of the cortical regions, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118857#pone.0118857.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. The figures were visualized with BrainNet Viewer software (<a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv/" target="_blank">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv/</a>).</p

Comparison of network metrics with longitudinal scans between male (n = 12) and female (n = 14).

<p>The statistical results were computed with a two-way linear mixed model with longitudinal time as within-subject fact, gender as between-subject factor and time by gender as interaction. The effect of age at 1^st scan, handedness, education level, and brain size were adjusted for all of these analyses. Post-hoc results of the global topological measures were detailed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118857#pone.0118857.g004" target="_blank">Fig. 4</a>. <b>Bold</b> indicates variables that are statistically significant (p < 0.05), <i>italic</i> indicates variables that show trend of significance (p < 0.10).</p><p>Comparison of network metrics with longitudinal scans between male (n = 12) and female (n = 14).</p