A STUDY ON ECONOMIC DAMAGE FOR TOURISM IN KYOTO CITY BY EARTHQUAKE DISASTER

As a typical historic and touristic city of Japan, Kyoto City with a total of 14 UNESCO world heritage sites, and more than 2,000 shrines and temples, attracts annually about 50 million tourists from Japan and overseas. However, because of the disaster of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995 and the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 which both gave serious damage to Japan, the tourism sector of Kyoto City was impacted by the obvious decrease in the number of tourists. In this study focusing on the two disaster cases of Kyoto City, we estimated the amount of economic damage to the tourism sector, which consists of direct damage from decreasing tourism activities and indirect damage from influences on the regional economy caused by decreases in tourism consumption, which was estimated by the input-output analysis. Then from the analysis of decreasing tourists and estimation of the results, we considered factors whichhave impacted tourism activities and the regional economy

Modeling the Factors Influencing the Adoption of a Map-Based Disaster Application in Indonesia: A Case of SIKK Magelang

Indonesia has high exposure to natural hazards, frequent disaster events, and a highly vulnerable population. Hence, risk communication and disaster information dissemination are crucial to reducing risks. Numerous disaster mobile applications (apps) with location-based services or maps already exist for facilitating risk communication to the public; however, availability does not automatically translate into use or adoption. Therefore, to understand the factors influencing the adoption of a map-based disaster app, the factors that affect the adoption of a local government-initiated map-based disaster app in Indonesia, namely Sistem Informasi Kebencanaan Kabupaten Magelang, or Disaster Information System of Magelang Regency (SIKK Magelang), were examined through the theoretical lenses of a combined information system (IS) success model. Partial Least Squared – Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), with the help of Smart-PLS, was used to examine the hypothesized relationships among the proposed constructs (latent variables). Nine exogenous latent variables were proposed as the antecedents of intention to use a map-based disaster application (the endogenous latent variable), including information quality, system quality, familiarity with online maps, perceived usefulness, user satisfaction, facilitating conditions, risk perceptions, information seeking behavior, and perceived quality of the Internet connection. Information-seeking behavior was also predicted to be influenced by risk perception. A questionnaire survey with an app trial was conducted in Magelang Regency for data collection. The study results confirmed the applicability of the combined IS success model frameworks in predicting the adoption of this map-based disaster app by the public. Although new constructs representing disaster-related online maps and familiarity with those maps were initially proposed in the contextual model, the model validation results showed that intention to use SIKK Magelang was significantly influenced only by perceived usefulness and user satisfaction. Practically, this study’s results offer guidance to the local emergency managers in Indonesia, especially Magelang Regency, regarding how to develop strategies to increase the app’s adoption

The Integration of Indigenous Knowledge for Disaster Risk Reduction Practices through Scientific Knowledge: Cases from Mentawai Islands, Indonesia

This study explores the importance of indigenous knowledge for everyday practices of disaster risk reduction and response. Many existing studies have highlighted the need to integrate such knowledge with modern science. Based on ethnographic research in indigenous communities in the Mentawai Islands of Indonesia, this study explores the categorization of indigenous knowledge in the integration process. To that end, primary data were collected through in-depth interviews while secondary data were collected from relevant documents, including books, articles, websites and government and NGO reports. The findings indicate that indigenous knowledge is acquired through long observation and interaction with disasters. Although some of this knowledge is based on successes in other localities, some indigenous knowledge is completely local, homogenous and shared among community members. It was also established that indigenous knowledge can be meaningfully organized into a number of categories, and that indigenous knowledge of a technical nature is more likely to be integrated with scientific knowledge. The research was exploratory and approached indigenous knowledge issues from the point of view of indigenous communities themselves. This approach should be replicated and expanded in other indigenous communities

A Participatory Evacuation Map Making Towards Sustainable Urban Heritage Kotagede, Yogyakarta

This research aims at development of Participatory Evacuation Map Making (PEMM) for Kotagede, Yogyakarta – Indonesia. The research area is one of an important cultural heritage sites in Indonesia which is subjected towards earthquake hazard. The preliminary observation revealed that the area is a densely populated area, which characterized by dense wooden building structure, narrow street and minimum information of evacuation route which increase their vulnerability potentials. This leads to the idea of developing the PEMM to improve their awareness and preparedness during disaster events and creates sustainable condition for local livelihood security. The method develops within this research is actually a lesson learn from Ritsumeikan University, that has developed CSR for integration disaster management into heritage sites at Kyoto Prefecture. Their CSR covers several activities such as developing disaster information via vending machine and tourism map. Since Yogyakarta and Kyoto are engaged in “Sister City Development Program”, hereafter Universitas Gadjah Mada tries to do similar thing. Map making is an alternative prior to community experience in map making is rather frequent compare to vending machine habit. The preliminary finding of this research indicates that the Kotagede community has been involved in several map making activity, such as “Green Map” and “Rehabilitation Sites Map”.  However, they have not yet any experience to create any map which includes information such as evacuation route, fire extinguisher, shelter information center and important meeting points. An improved critics from this research is to include meeting points level. As we all aware off, each meeting point have significant carrying capacity, thereby in the future a research on similar topics should add level and or category of meeting points. This is an important steppingstone for the research to conduct further research

A STUDY ON EVACUATION SIMULATION FOR GUIDING TOURISTS IN HIMEJI CASTLE BASED ON A SURVEY OF TOURISTS’ INTENTIONS IN EVACUATION AFTER EARTHQUAKE

Many tourists tend to visit historic areas. Nevertheless, their knowledge about these areas, disaster prevention, and evacuation is not sufficient. Japan has met with several large-scale disasters, namely the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995, and will potentially face the Nankai Trough Quake in the future. This paper, based on a survey of tourists’ intentions in evacuation after an earthquake in Himeji castle, shows an evacuation simulation and the measures for supporting tourists’ evacuation. Himeji Castle, the area investigated by this study, is one of the world heritage sites in Japan. First, this study revealed decision-making rules and used these to categorize tourists. This paper investigated the sources of information that tourists consider before starting evacuation. According to the results of the questionnaire survey, four groups were categorized by analytic hierarchy process and cluster analysis. As a result, many tourists set a high value on information from sign boards and staff of the Himeji castle before starting evacuation. Next, in a similar manner, using analytic hierarchy process, this survey found that many tourists consider information from signboard and staff when choosing evacuation routes, and the respondents were categorized into four groups using cluster analysis. Second, this study developed an evacuation simulation taking into account the tourists’ intentions about evacuation. This study used SOARS, Spot Oriented Agent Role Simulator, as a simulation platform and adopted a Spot-Link type model. Third, this study simulated six cases that have different evacuee flows near “Bizen-gate” and routes in sightseeing, and evaluated them by transition of the number of evacuees who were able to reach an evacuation area and the number of evacuees who could not move because of bottlenecks. As a result, we found two effective measures for guiding tourists