14 research outputs found

    Identification of novel clostridium perfringens type E strains that carry an iota toxin plasmid with a functional enterotoxin gene

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    Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) is a major virulence factor for human gastrointestinal diseases, such as food poisoning and antibiotic associated diarrhea. The CPE-encoding gene (cpe) can be chromosomal or plasmid-borne. Recent development of conventional PCR cpe-genotyping assays makes it possible to identify cpe location (chromosomal or plasmid) in type A isolates. Initial studies for developing cpe genotyping assays indicated that all cpe-positive strains isolated from sickened patients were typable by cpe-genotypes, but surveys of C. perfringens environmental strains or strains from feces of healthy people suggested that this assay might not be useful for some cpe-carrying type A isolates. In the current study, a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis Southern blot assay showed that four cpe-genotype untypable isolates carried their cpe gene on a plasmid of ~65 kb. Complete sequence analysis of the ~65 kb variant cpe-carrying plasmid revealed no intact IS elements and a disrupted cytosine methyltransferase (dcm) gene. More importantly, this plasmid contains a conjugative transfer region, a variant cpe gene and variant iota toxin genes. The toxin genes encoded by this plasmid are expressed based upon the results of RT-PCR assays. The ~65 kb plasmid is closely related to the pCPF4969 cpe plasmid of type A isolates. MLST analyses indicated these isolates belong to a unique cluster of C. perfringens. Overall, these isolates carrying a variant functional cpe gene and iota toxin genes represent unique type E strains. © 2011 Miyamoto et al

    Differences in morphological features and minimum apparent diffusion coefficient values among breast cancer subtypes using 3-tesla MRI

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    Purpose: To compare the morphology and minimum apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values among breast cancer subtypes. Methods: Ninety-three patients, who underwent breast MRI and collectively had 98 pathologically proven invasive carcinomas, were enrolled. Morphology was evaluated according to BIRADS-MRI. Minimum ADC was measured. Morphology and minimum ADC were compared among subtypes. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the characteristics associated with different subtypes. Results: Oval/round shape was significantly associated with triple-negative (TN) cancer (TN vs. non-TN: 90.9% vs. 45.2%; p = 0.0123). Rim enhancement was significantly less frequent in Luminal A (Luminal A vs. non-Luminal A: 34.2% vs. 76.1%; p = 0.0003). The minimum ADC of Luminal A was significantly higher than that of Luminal B (HER2-negative) (834 vs. 748 x 10^-6 mm2/s; p <0.025). The minimum ADC of the TN-special type was significantly higher than that of TN-ductal (997 vs. 702 x 10^-6 mm2/s; p <0.025). On the multivariate analysis comparing the characteristics associated with Luminal A vs. Luminal B (HER2-negative), the internal enhancement characteristics of the mass and minimum ADC were significant factors. Conclusion: Morphology and minimum ADC would be useful in distinguishing breast cancer subtypes

    Effects of Intravitreal Ranibizumab Injection on Peripheral Retinal Microcirculation and Cytokines in Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion with Macular Edema

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    Background and Objectives: To investigate peripheral blood flow in retinal vessels and vessel diameters after intravitreal ranibizumab injection (IRI) and the relationship between these parameters and cytokines in branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) with macular edema. Materials and Methods: We assessed relative flow volume (RFV) and the width of the main and branch retinal arteries and veins in the occluded and non-occluded regions before and after IRI in 37 patients with BRVO and macular edema. Measurements were made using laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG). When performing IRI, we obtained samples of aqueous humor and analyzed them using the suspension array method to evaluate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and interferon-inducible 10-kDa protein (IP-10). Results: In both retinal regions, before and after IRI, the RFV in the main artery and vein showed a significant correlation with the summed RFV in the respective branch vessels 1 and 2. In the occluded region, the RFV in the main vein was significantly negatively correlated with MCP-1, PDGF-AA, IL-6, and IL-8; the RFV in branch vein 1 was significantly negatively correlated with PlGF, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-8; PDGF-AA was significantly negatively correlated with the width of the main and branch veins; and the RFVs of the main artery and vein decreased significantly from before to 1 month after IRI. Conclusions: Contrary to expectations, the study found that anti-VEGF therapy does not affect RFV in arteries and veins in patients with BRVO and macular edema. Furthermore, retinal blood flow is poor in patients with high MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-8. Finally, high PDGF-AA may result in smaller venous diameters and reduced retinal blood flow

    A Basic Study of the Development of the Transition Curriculum in Music Education from Preschool to Elementary School (3) : Focusing on the development of children's unison singing ability.

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    本研究は, 一斉歌唱時の子どもの歌唱能力の実態と発達の様相に着目し, 伴奏の有無や, イヤホンで自分の声を聴きながら歌うか否かなど, 伴奏やフィードバックの条件を変えて斉唱することによって, 子どもの歌唱がどのように変化するかを明らかにすることを目的とした。対象は, 小学校1年生から6年生である。その結果, 以下のことが明らかとなった。第1に, イヤホンで自分の声を聴きながら歌唱する方が, 正確な音高で歌えるということである。第2に, イヤホンをつけない条件において, 低学年では伴奏があった方が正確な音高で歌えるが, 高学年では伴奏がない方が正確な音高で歌えるということである。一方, イヤホンをつけた条件においては, 総じて伴奏がない方が正確な音高で歌えることがわかった。第3に, 「もっと大きく元気に歌って」という教師の教示は, 低学年ではどなり声の歌唱につながり, 正確な音高で歌うことの妨げになるということである。「もっと大きく元気に歌って」は, 幼稚園や小学校での歌唱指導で頻繁に聞かれる教師の言葉かけである。今回調査を行った小学校においては, 高学年ではこの言葉かけにも関わらず, 発声の仕方や正確な音高には変化はなかった

    A basic study of the development of the transition curriculum in music education from preschool to elementary school (2) : focusing on the actual conditions of singing in unison of children.

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    本研究では, 斉唱時における子どもの歌唱実態に着目し, 異なる伴奏条件でどのように子どもの歌唱が変化するのか, また自分の声をイヤホンでモニターするのとしないのではどう違うのかについて明らかにすることを目的とした。調査は小学校1年生を対象として行い, 「きらきら星」を次の条件で斉唱させ, 個々の子どもの歌声を録音した。条件は, ①イヤホン・ピアノ伴奏条件, ②イヤホン「大きく元気に」ピアノ伴奏条件, ③イヤホン・アカペラ条件, ④ピアノ伴奏条件, ⑤「大きく元気に」ピアノ伴奏条件, ⑥アカペラ条件であった。評価項目は, 全体の音高の正確さ, どなり声で歌っていないか, 最初の2小節の8つの音高である。分析の結果, イヤホン有りとイヤホン無しの条件では, 音高の一部を除いて, 他のすべての項目においてイヤホン有りの方が得点が高かった。イヤホンによって自分の声をモニターすることによって, どなり声になることが避けられ, 音高も正確になることがわかった。伴奏条件では, すべての項目において, ピアノ伴奏条件>アカペラ条件>「大きく元気に」ピアノ伴奏条件, の順序で得点が高った。1年生では, 歌唱時に主旋律が聞こえる方が正確に歌えることがわかった

    A basic study on the development of young children's musical ability (1) :Focusing on young children's singing voice in unison singing.

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    本研究の目的は, 幼児が一斉歌唱活動を行う際に伴奏の有無, およびイヤホンで自分の声をモニターしながら歌うか否か, という異なる条件下で幼児個々の歌声がどのように変化するのかを明らかにすることである。その結果, 以下のことが明らかとなった。第1に, 正確な音高での歌唱は, イヤホンで自分の声をモニターすること, および伴奏による音高の補助があることの2つの要素によって導かれる。第2に, 正確な音高での歌唱に密接に関わるのは, 年少では自分の声をモニターする要素であり, 年中および年長では伴奏の要素である。第3に, G4以上の高い音域よりもG4未満の低い音域の方が正確な音高で歌唱できる。第4に, どなり声の生起は一斉歌唱時に自分の声が聞こえにくい状況においてその生起率は高くなる。しかし, 年長になると伴奏の有無やイヤホンの有無といった条件への依存度が低くなり, どのような条件下でも比較的一定して歌声に近いものとなる
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