4 research outputs found
3-Exomethylene Sialic Acid Disaccharides as Substrate-Type Mechanism-Based Sialidase Inhibitors
We designed α(2,3)- and α(2,6)-sialylgalactose analogues bearing an exomethylene unit at C3 of sialic acid (3-exoSia) as a novel type of mechanism-based inhibitors of sialidases. Regio- and stereo-selective substitution by vinylogous activation enabled simultaneous construction of the 3-exomethylene moiety and the O-sialoside linkage. Both types of 3-exoSia disaccharides potently inhibit Clostridium perfringens sialidase NanI and selectively inhibit NEU2 among human sialidases, whereas the corresponding monosaccharide analogue is inactive. These analogues initially work as competitive inhibitors, but are gradually cleaved as substrates to generate a reactive species that forms a covalent bond with sialidase
Thienyl-Substituted α‑Ketoamide: A Less Hydrophobic Reactive Group for Photo-Affinity Labeling
Photoaffinity labeling (PAL) is an
important tool in chemical biology research, but application of α-ketoamides
for PAL has been hampered by their photoinstability. Here, we show
that 2-thienyl-substituted α-ketoamide is a superior photoreactive
group for PAL. Studies with a series of synthetic mannose-conjugated
α-ketoamides revealed that 2-thienyl substitution of α-ketoamide
decreased the electrophilicity of the keto group and reduced the rate
of photodegradation. Mannose-conjugated thienyl α-ketoamide
showed greater concanavalin A labeling efficiency than other alkyl
or phenyl-substituted α-ketoamides. In comparison with representative
conventional photoreactive groups, 2-thienyl ketoamide showed reduced
labeling of nontarget proteins, probably owing to its lower hydrophobicity
Contribution of Cage-Shaped Structure of Physalins to Their Mode of Action in Inhibition of NF-κB Activation
A library
of oxygenated natural steroids, including physalins,
withanolides, and perulactones, coupled with the synthetic cage-shaped
right-side structure of type B physalins, was constructed. SAR studies
for inhibition of NF-κB activation showed the importance of
both the B-ring and the oxygenated right-side partial structure. The
5β,6β-epoxy derivatives of both physalins and withanolides
showed similar profiles of inhibition of NF-κB activation and
appeared to act on NF-κB signaling via inhibition of phosphorylation
and degradation of IκBα. In contrast, type B physalins
with C5–C6 olefin functionality inhibited nuclear translocation
and DNA binding of RelA/p50 protein dimer, which lie downstream of
IκBα degradation, although withanolides having the same
AB-ring functionality did not. These results indicated that the right-side
partial structure of these steroids influences their mode of action