ラジカルポリマーにおける電荷輸送の高速化と充放電デバイスへの応用

早大学位記番号:新7826早稲田大

Toward an inclusive and a little bit ethical world trading system : listening to the voices of the people in LDCs

Many specialists in international trade have started saying that the era of a mega FTA is approaching. If the three poles of the global economy, namely East Asia, EU and the United States, form mega FTAs, most of the volume of global trade will be covered. That may be fine, but there will be many countries left out of the mega FTA, most of which will be the least developed countries (LDCs). \nSince the inception of the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) negotiations in 2001, the WTO and its member countries have tried to include LDCs in the world trading system through various means, including DFQF and AfT. Although these means have some positive impact on the economic development of LDCs, most of the LDCs will never feel comfortable with the current world trading system. To overcome the stalemate in the DDA and to create an inclusive world trading system, we need more commitment from both LDCs and non-LDCs. \nTo surmount the prolonged stalemate in the DDA, we should understand how ordinary people in LDCs feel and think about the current world trading system. Those voices have seldom been listened to, even by the decision makers of their own countries. So as to understand the situation of the people in LDCs, IDE-JETRO carried out several research projects using macro, meso and micro approaches. \nFor the micro level, we collected and analyzed statements from ordinary people concerning their opinions about the world trading system. The interviewees are ordinary people such as street vendors, farmers and factory workers. We asked about where they buy and sell daily necessities, their perception of imported goods, export promotion and free trade at large, etc. These ‘voices of the people’ surveys were conducted in Madagascar and Cambodia during 2013.\nBased on this research, and especially the findings from the ‘voices of the people’ surveys, we propose a ‘DDA-MDGs hybrid’ strategy to conclude DDA negotiations and develop a more inclusive and a little bit more ethical world trading system. Our proposal may be summarized in the following three points.\n(1) Aid for Trade (AfT) ver. 2Currently AfT is mainly focused on coordinating several aid projects related to LDCs’ capacity building. However, this is inadequate; for the proposed ‘DDA-MDGs hybrid’, a super AfT is needed. The WTO, other development agencies and LDC governments will not only coordinate but also plan together aid projects for trade capacity building.\nAfT ver. 2 includes infrastructure projects either gran aid, ODA loans and private investment. This is in accordance with the post-MDGs argument which emphasizes the role of the private sector.\n(2) Ethical AttitudeReciprocity is a principle of multilateral agreement, and it has been a core promise since GATT. However, for designing an inclusive system, special and differential treatment (S&D) is still needed for disadvantaged members. To compromise full reciprocity and less than full reciprocity, an ethical attitude on the part of every member is needed in which every member refrains from insisting on the full rights and demands of its own country. As used herein, the term ‘ethical’ implies more consideration for LDCs, and it is almost identical to S&D but with a more positive attitude from developed countries (super S&D).\n(3) Collect Voices of the PeopleIn order to grasp the real situation of the people, the voices of the people on free trade will continue to be collected in other LDCs, and the findings and leanings will be fed back to the WTO negotiation space

Studien uber die Entwicklung der Hypophyseanlage. (II. Mitteilung.) Bei den Urodelen, besonders Hynobius, welche im Regierungsbezirk Okayama leben.

Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Hypophyse bei Amphibien ist seit langem oft Gegenstand eingehender Untersuchung gewesen. Dieses Problem ist früher von Goette, neuerdings von Atwell, Kudô, Wasumi usw. eingehend behandelt worden. Doch babe ich zufallig einer neuen Art von Hynobius begegnet, welche im Regierungsbezirk Okayama lebt und von Herrn T. Shimoyama gefunden wurde. Daran mochte ich die Hypophyseaulage weiter verfolgen und prufeu. Einerseits ist es Interesse, mit einer neuen Art von Urodelen zu tun zu haben, andrerseits kann ich untersuchen, ob die in der Literatur verbreiteten Angaben uber die Urodelen damit überstimmen. Unter der Leitung von Herrn Prof. J. Shikinami habe ich diese Arbeit unteruommen. Als Material standen mir Hynobiusembryonen zur Verfügung. Das Material wurde alles mit Formolalkohol fixiert. Zur Färbung wurde Boraxcarmin, zum EinbettenParaffin gebraucht; das Material wurde zum grossten Teil in quere Serien, zum geringeren Teil in sagittale Serien von 10μ oder 20μ Dicke geschnitten. Die Wachsplattenmodelle wurden in 100 facher Vergrosserung hergestellt. Die Hauptresultate der vorliegenden Untersuchungen lassen sich folgendermassen zusammenfassen. 1) Die epitheliale Hypophyse entwickelt sich aus der inneren Schicht der Epidermis und teilt sich 3 folgende Teile; pars anterior, pars intermedia et pars tuberalis. 2) Pars anterior entwickelt sich aus dem mittleren Hauptteil der Wucherung der Epidermisinnereschicht und liegt ventro-caudal vom Infundibularteil. Dieser Teil ist der grosste unter den 3 Partien und fast dreieckig, wobei dessen Spitze caudalwärts gerichtet ist. 3) Die zwei vorderen lateralen Fortsätze der pars auterior verlängern sich nach vorn allmahlich und springen noch bei 36.0mm längen Larve an der ventralen Seite des Infundibulums ale symmetrische Fortsätze vor. 4) Pars intermedia sitzt dorso-rostral von der pars anterior und ist kleiner als letztere. Bei ventraler Ansicht der Hypophyse zeigt diese Partie sich nicht. 5) Pars neuralis besteht aus dem umgeformten Infundibulum und sitzt dorsorostral von der anderen epithelialen Hypophyse

Nutrition-Physiology-Gene Interactions in the Chicken

Nutrition entails the sum of processes involved in the ingestion of foods, digestion, absorption, transport of nutrients, intermediary metabolism, underlying anabolism and catabolism, and excretion of unabsorbed nutrients and metabolites. Research at the Animal Nutrition Laboratory is concerned with the identification of nutritional characteristics in several animal species with the aid of comparative biochemistry and molecular biology. This mini-review provides an overview of the nutritional regulation of metabolism, physiological functions and gene expression in avian species

Tumor-to-Tumor Metastasis to Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma: A First Report

Tumor-to-tumor metastasis is a rare phenomenon. From our review of the international literature, around 150 cases have been reported since it was first documented by Campbel in 1868. Renal clear cell carcinoma is well known to be the most common recipient of tumor-to-tumor metastasis in all tumors. However, renal chromophobe cell carcinoma has not been reported to be a recipient. Here, we report a first case of colorectal carcinoma metastatic to chromophobe renal cell carcinoma

Half-Integer Shapiro Steps in a Short Ballistic InAs Nanowire Josephson Junction

We report on half-integer Shapiro steps observed in an InAs nanowire Josephson junction. We observed the Shapiro steps of the short ballistic InAs nanowire Josephson junction and found anomalous half-integer steps in addition to the conventional integer steps. The half-integer steps disappear as the temperature increases or transmission of the junction decreases. These experimental results agree closely with numerical calculation of the Shapiro response for the skewed current phase relation in a short ballistic Josephson junction