Determination of forms of heavy metals in bottom ash from households using sequential extraction

The paper presents the results of heavy metals mobility obtained by sequential extraction method and leaching test. Heavy metals in solid waste material occur in different forms and phases that differ in terms of the toxicity, mobility and bioavailability. The sequential extraction analysis is widely used in order to predict the behaviour of heavy metals in a solid material. The sequential extraction methods involve a gradual separation of metals in various forms by means of specific extractants. The material used in the research applied bottom ash derived from households. The results of heavy metals concentrations (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn) in extractable forms and total content in waste were presented. The five forms of heavy metals were determined. The concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed by FAAS. The lowest concentrations of analyzed heavy metals were determined in the exchangeable form. The author observed that the particular elements occurred mainly in forms: zinc and cadmium associated with carbonates, lead and copper in the organic and residual form, chromium and nickel in the residual form. Heavy metals in the residual fraction do not pose a possible environment hazard. The application of speciation analysis of heavy metals in bottom ash provide the means to assess the content of dissoluble forms of metals in water relative to their total content. This information is useful in assessing the migration capabilities of heavy metal ions from waste to the ground-water environment. The potential for the reuse of bottom ash was also discussed in the paper

Analiza mobilności metali ciężkich z odpadów hutniczych w aspekcie zrównoważonej gospodarki odpadami

Metallurgy is one of the industry producing the most diverse range of wastes in terms of their composition and level of heavy metals contamination. With the development of economy, the amount of produced wastes increases. It involves with the searching for new methods of waste management. The one of priority in the activity of companies is the use of principles of sustainable development. Constantly a new technological solutions are searched in order to improve the environment protection and increasing the reuse of waste. This behaviour is the basis for sustainable waste management. Unfortunately, it is not possible to economic use of all waste. It is caused by the level of contamination of wastes, as well as the risk of environmental contamination by inappropriate disposal of waste. In order to increase the protection of the environment from the effects of uncontrolled impact of waste, the leaching tests of contaminants are carried out. This practice is indispensable operation of every enterprise that produces the wastes that may negative affect the environment, especially the water environment. In the paper, the results of heavy metals concentrations from metallurgical slags (zinc and copper metallurgy) were presented in order to assess the mobility of contaminants into the environment. The levels of heavy metals release from waste from variety of industrial sectors were also analysed.Hutnictwo jest jedną z gałęzi przemysłu wytwarzającą najbardziej zróżnicowaną gamę odpadów pod kątem ich składu, jak i stopnia zanieczyszczenia metalami ciężkimi. Wraz z rozwojem gospodarki wzrasta masa wytwarzanych odpadów przemysłowych, co wiąże się z poszukiwaniem nowych sposobów ich zagospodarowania. Jednym z priorytetów w działalności przedsiębiorstw jest stosowanie zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju. Nieustannie poszukuje się nowych rozwiązań technologicznych mających na celu zwiększenie ochrony środowiska przy jednoczesnym wzroście ponownego wykorzystania odpadów. Działanie takie jest podstawą zrównoważonej gospodarki odpadami. Niestety nie jest możliwe gospodarcze wykorzystanie wszystkich odpadów. Wpływ na to ma między innymi stopień ich zanieczyszczenia oraz ryzyko skażenia środowiska poprzez nieodpowiednie unieszkodliwianie odpadów. W celu zwiększenia ochrony środowiska naturalnego przed niekontrolowanym oddziaływaniem odpadów wykonuje się testy wymywalności zanieczyszczeń. Praktyka ta jest nieodzownym działaniem każdego przedsiębiorstwa wytwarzającego odpady mogące mieć negatywny wpływ na środowisko, zwłaszcza środowisko wodne. W pracy omówiono aspekty zrównoważonego rozwoju w gospodarce odpadami hutniczymi. Przedstawiono wyniki stężeń metali ciężkich z żużli pochodzących z hutnictwa cynku i miedzi w celu oceny mobilności zanieczyszczeń do środowiska. Przeanalizowano także poziomy wymywania metali ciężkich z odpadów pochodzących z różnych gałęzi hutnictwa

Analiza mobilności metali ciężkich z odpadów hutniczych w aspekcie zrównoważonej gospodarki odpadami

Metallurgy is one of the industry producing the most diverse range of wastes in terms of their composition and level of heavy metals contamination. With the development of economy, the amount of produced wastes increases. It involves with the searching for new methods of waste management. The one of priority in the activity of companies is the use of principles of sustainable development. Constantly a new technological solutions are searched in order to improve the environment protection and increasing the reuse of waste. This behaviour is the basis for sustainable waste management. Unfortunately, it is not possible to economic use of all waste. It is caused by the level of contamination of wastes, as well as the risk of environmental contamination by inappropriate disposal of waste. In order to increase the protection of the environment from the effects of uncontrolled impact of waste, the leaching tests of contaminants are carried out. This practice is indispensable operation of every enterprise that produces the wastes that may negative affect the environment, especially the water environment. In the paper, the results of heavy metals concentrations from metallurgical slags (zinc and copper metallurgy) were presented in order to assess the mobility of contaminants into the environment. The levels of heavy metals release from waste from variety of industrial sectors were also analysed.Hutnictwo jest jedną z gałęzi przemysłu wytwarzającą najbardziej zróżnicowaną gamę odpadów pod kątem ich składu, jak i stopnia zanieczyszczenia metalami ciężkimi. Wraz z rozwojem gospodarki wzrasta masa wytwarzanych odpadów przemysłowych, co wiąże się z poszukiwaniem nowych sposobów ich zagospodarowania. Jednym z priorytetów w działalności przedsiębiorstw jest stosowanie zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju. Nieustannie poszukuje się nowych rozwiązań technologicznych mających na celu zwiększenie ochrony środowiska przy jednoczesnym wzroście ponownego wykorzystania odpadów. Działanie takie jest podstawą zrównoważonej gospodarki odpadami. Niestety nie jest możliwe gospodarcze wykorzystanie wszystkich odpadów. Wpływ na to ma między innymi stopień ich zanieczyszczenia oraz ryzyko skażenia środowiska poprzez nieodpowiednie unieszkodliwianie odpadów. W celu zwiększenia ochrony środowiska naturalnego przed niekontrolowanym oddziaływaniem odpadów wykonuje się testy wymywalności zanieczyszczeń. Praktyka ta jest nieodzownym działaniem każdego przedsiębiorstwa wytwarzającego odpady mogące mieć negatywny wpływ na środowisko, zwłaszcza środowisko wodne. W pracy omówiono aspekty zrównoważonego rozwoju w gospodarce odpadami hutniczymi. Przedstawiono wyniki stężeń metali ciężkich z żużli pochodzących z hutnictwa cynku i miedzi w celu oceny mobilności zanieczyszczeń do środowiska. Przeanalizowano także poziomy wymywania metali ciężkich z odpadów pochodzących z różnych gałęzi hutnictwa

Ocena zanieczyszczeń emitowanych podczas eksploatacji systemu grzewczego domu jednorodzinnego wraz z analizą zawartości metali ciężkich w pobliskich glebach

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analizy ekologicznej domu jednorodzinnego wraz z oceną zawartości metali ciężkich w glebach rolniczych znajdujących się w promieniu 43÷130 m od analizowanego budynku. Dodatkowo przeprowadzono badanie zawartości metali ciężkich w popiele paleniskowym pochodzącym ze spalenia mieszanki paliwowej: węgla kamiennego i drewna, stosowanej do ogrzewania omawianego domu jednorodzinnego. Analiza ekologiczna wykazała emisję dwutlenku węgla, tlenku węgla, dwutlenku azotu, dwutlenku siarki oraz pyłów do atmosfery w wyniku spalania paliw oraz zużycia energii elektrycznej. Badane gleby rolne charakteryzują się natomiast brakiem zanieczyszczenia metalami ciężkimi. Analiza zawartości tych pierwiastków w popiele paleniskowym wykazała, iż odpad ten nie stwarza potencjalnego zagrożenia dla środowiska i może być wykorzystany w celach rolniczych

The importance of time and other determinants in the assessment of heavy metals release during solid waste management

Abstract One of the parameters affecting the leachability of heavy metals from waste is their contact time with the leachant. In this paper, the leaching behaviour of Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni was evaluated in relation to the liquid to solid ratio (L/S), which is a reflection of time after which a certain volume of water permeates the material, e.g. in slag heaps or landfills. A leaching study was carried out by different leaching methods with using three test materials, i.e. hazardous zinc slag, lump copper slag and mineral-organic composite. It was found that the highest amount of metals leached in the long term in the maximum availability test, under the following leaching conditions: L/S = 50 dm3/kg, reduced pH of the leachant, fragmentation of the materials to particle size < 0.125 mm. Comparing the results obtained in the batch test and the percolation test, no strict trend was observed in the release of a given metal from different test materials. The analysis using the tank test showed that processes controlling leachability can result in the release of the highest metal loads immediately after contact between the material and the leachant, but can also contribute to the release of metals only after prolonged contact

THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED FACTORS ON THE LEACHING OF HEAVY METALS FROM SMELTER WASTE

The paper presents the results of leaching research of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Cr) from industrial waste. The impact of waste fragmentation on the level of heavy metals leaching was analyzed. The decrease of copper and zinc release and the increase of nickel leaching were observed with increasing grain size fraction of waste. Furthermore, release of contaminants in different ratio of liquid to solid (L/S = 10 dm3/kg and 2 dm3/kg) was studied. Higher concentrations of heavy metals were determined in ratio of L/S = 10 dm3/kg. In order to determine the risk of tested waste to the environment, the results were compared with the current law. This allowed the classification of the waste to hazardous waste

Sequential extraction of heavy metals in mineral-organic composite

The specific municipal waste (bottom ash and stabilized sewage sludge) can be applied for rehabilitation of post-industrial areas and landfill sites. The mixture of this waste in a 1:1 ratio is a mineral - organic composite used as material for rehabilitation. The multi-stage procedure of sequential extraction forms the preferred tool applied in the analysis of the potential hazard that is formed by the waste. The paper presents the analysis of heavy metal contents in particular fractions of composite separated by sequential extraction according to Tessier’s procedure. The sequential extraction analysis was carried out in order to identify the particular forms and fractions forming the total content of a given metal and assess the mobility of elements into the environment. The five forms of heavy metals were identified: exchangeable, carbonate, oxide, organic and residual. Cadmium and zinc occurred primarily in the carbonate associations. The highest content of lead and copper was determined in organic fraction. Chromium and nickel occurred primarily in residual fraction. The analysis of heavy metals release using basic leaching test according to PN-EN 12457-2 was also carried out. The study demonstrated low leachability of heavy metals. Due to the very small ratio of heavy metal forms that are water soluble, the waste was considered to be safe to the soil and water environment

ASSESSMENT OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS LEACHING FROM WASTE IN THE PERCOLATION PROCESS

The leaching of inorganic components from granular waste can be determined by up-flow column leaching test. The study allows researcher to assess the leaching behaviour of contaminants under specified percolation conditions (dynamic conditions). Dynamic tests simulate real conditions of the leaching of contaminants in the landfill aeration area. Percolation test also enables to perform observations on how the change of the liquid to solid (L/S) ratio influences the obtained concentrations of particular components. Test conditions, including the flow rate of leachant, determine which components are quickly leached and which are released under the influence of contact with matrix. The paper presents the research results of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu, Pb i Cr) leaching from smelter waste using of column leaching test. The eluates with predetermined liquid to solid ratio (L/S = 0.1; 0.2; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 5.0; 10.0) were systematically collected. In eluates from each stage of the procedure the highest concentration of zinc and the lowest concentration of chromium were determined. The increase of heavy metals release from waste mass with increasing the L/S ratio was observed

Directions of development of research methods in the assessment of leaching of heavy metals from mineral waste

There are many test methods to assess the level of the release of heavy metals into the environment from mineral waste materials. Leaching methods can be different depending on the leaching time periods, leaching dynamics, sample preparation method or the pH of the elution medium. In Poland, little attention is paid to the research on the relationship between the leaching of particular heavy metals from mineral wastes and changes in environmental conditions, including the pH of the environment. Tests being carried out abroad have started to pay great attention to the pH-dependent impact of the environment and the liquid being in contact with the material on the degree of leaching contaminants from wastes. The solubility of all metals depends on the value of the pH. Authors of the paper will try to prove that Polish methods of waste characterization is incomplete and inconsistent with opinions prevailing in the global literature. The procedure described in the Polish standards are insufficient to determine the actual level of leaching of heavy metals having regard to the impact of multiple external conditions on the level of leaching of heavy metals. Paper will present a directions of development of research methods in the assessment of leaching of heavy metals from mineral waste

Environmental assessment of applicability of mineral-organic composite for landfill area rehabilitation

This paper undertakes an assessment of the impact of a mineral-organic composite on the environment as well as the potential for its application for land rehabilitation purposes. The analysis involves the release of the leachable contaminations from the material subjected to testing. This material was formed by a composite manufactured on the basis of communal bottom ash and stabilized sewage sludge. The sludge resulting from wastewater treatment was subjected to stabilization and dehydration in waste pounds at the phase of pre-watering until 20% of dry mass is obtained. Subsequently, they were mixed with bottom ash, which was obtained from selective waste collection, in a 1:1 mass ratio. The analysis involved the leaching of inorganic contaminants in the form of heavy metals, sulphates (VI), chlorides, and fluorides as well as organic compounds in the form of organic carbon solution under the effect of leachant with a various level of pH. The analysed components were characterized by various leaching behaviour depending on the leachant pH. On the basis of the results, it was able to assess the potential hazard posed by the examined material on the environment as a consequence of its application for landfill area rehabilitation