Functional annotation of differentially expressed genes.

<p>(A) Based on RNA-Seq data, expression levels for 300 genes were found to be significantly changed in imidacloprid-exposed larvae (compared with data obtained from non-exposed larvae). Expression is reduced for 195 genes (blue); expression is increased for 105 genes (red). The group of over-expressed genes includes nine cytochrome <i>P450s</i>; their gene IDs and normalised fold-change values are shown in the table. (B) Selection of non-redundant Gene Ontology (GO) terms for the three ontologies: Biological Process (BP), Molecular Function (MF) and Cellular Component (CC), and Interpro (IP) protein domains that are overrepresented in the 105 up (red) and 195 down (blue) regulated genes. Significance of enrichment is based on Fisher’s Exact Test. GO terms for the most significant enrichment groups are indicated in bold letters.</p

Expression of genes encoding carbohydrate-metabolising enzymes is affected in imidacloprid-exposed worker bee larvae.

<p>Genes/enzymes, including paralogues, and their positions (coloured/grey boxes) in the glycolytic and related carbohydrate pathways are placed with reference to honeybee-specific pathway variations <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068191#pone.0068191-Kunieda1" target="_blank">[72]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068191#pone.0068191-Kanehisa1" target="_blank">[73]</a>. Based on DEGseq analysis, ten genes are downregulated (blue), including <i>PGI, PGK, PGLYM</i>, <i>ENO</i> and <i>PYK</i>, of the glycolytic pathway; <i>PEPCK</i> is upregulated (red). A key for gene names is provided; fold-changes in expression as determined by RNA-Seq (IE relative to C data set).</p

DESeq-based expression levels identified, 15 annotated, mature candidate microRNAs (miRNAs), which show subtle differences in abundance between larval samples collected from imidacloprid-exposed (IE) hives and unexposed, control (C) hives.

<p>Eight miRNAs were upregulated in IE samples, while seven miRNAs were downregulated. Conservation of miRNAs in species is indicated. Fold-change refers to log2-transformed-normalised data. MiRNAs designated with a * (star form) indicate the originating hairpin arm.</p