日本産天然キチヌの生物学的研究

内容の要約広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(学術)Doctor of Philosophydoctora

INTRODUCTION OF INVASIVE PEACOCK BASS (Cichla spp.), ITS RAPID DISTRIBUTION AND FUTURE IMPACT ON FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM IN MALAYSIA

Malezija je prepoznata kao zemlja visoke razine raznolikosti s obiljem različitih slatkovodnih vrsta. Malezijska slatkovodna bioraznolikost ugrožena je nakon uvođenja invazivnog paun grgeča (Cichla spp.). Prisutnost ovog grabežljivca mogla bi ugroziti suživot autohtonih vrsta slatkovodnog ekosustava u Maleziji. U preglednom radu obrađeni su najvažniji aspekti u vezi s prijetnjama paun grgeča budućoj biološkoj raznolikosti lokalnih vrsta. Trenutno su u Maleziji prepoznate četiri lokalno neprisutne vrste paun grgeča. Do danas, vrste paun grgeča raširile su se u sve dijelove Malezijiskog poluotoka, s još nezabilježenim pronalaskom u Kelantanu i Borneu. „Invazivnom uspjehu“ podložnija su malezijska jezera (84,38%) pri usporedbi s rijekama i rezervoarima. Brzi način širenja ove vrste izrazito je povezan sa sportskim ribolovom i ribolovcima. Način razmnožavanja, povoljno stanište, brojnost plijena i ponašanje pri ishrani odgovorni su čimbenici uspješnog uspostavljanja ove vrste u Maleziji. Vrste su, prema hranidbenoj prirodi, generalisti i ribojedi. Paun grgeča je teško iskorijeniti u Maleziji, između ostalog, i zbog toga jer je kroz doprinos gospodarstvu povezan sa zapošljavanjem ljudi (kroz rekreativni ribolov i turizam). Moguća šteta koju će vrsta uzrokovati na slatkovodnim ekosustavima u budućnosti je nepredvidljiva. U ovom trenutku preporuča se primjena pravilnog upravljanja ovom vrstom kako bi se smanjila njena populacija. To bi se moglo postići ažuriranjem popisa slatkovodnih površina u državi, poboljšanjem sustava praćenja stanja (monitoringom) i podizanjem svijesti o navedenoj problematici.Malaysia is recognised among the mega-diversity countries with the abundance of various freshwater species. Malaysian freshwater biodiversity is under threat after the introduction of an invasive peacock bass. The presence of this predator could challenge the coexistence of the native species. In the current review, the most important aspects regarding peacock bass threats to the biodiversity future of local species are addressed. Four non-native species of peacock bass are presently recognised in Malaysia. To date, the peacock bass species expand to all parts of Peninsular Malaysia with no records yet found in Kelantan and Borneo. Invasion success is more susceptible in Malaysian lakes (84.38%) compared to the dams, rivers and reservoirs. The mode of rapid expansion of this species is highly connected to the sport fishing and anglers. A propagule pressure, favourable habitat, prey abundance and feeding behaviours are responsible factors for the successful establishment of this species in Malaysia. The species are generalist feeders and piscivorous in nature. It is difficult to eradicate peacock bass since it provides physical jobs (recreation and tourism). However, the damage the species will cause in future is unpredictable. At this point, proper management of this species must be implemented to reduce its population. This could be achieved through updating checklists of freshwater bodies, improving monitoring systems and public awareness

The occurrence of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection on invasive freshwater fish, the Peacock Bass (Cichla spp.) from Tasik Telabak, Malaysia.

Peacock bass (Cichla spp.)  is an invasive fish that has established feral population in many freshwater water bodies in Malaysia. Among the negative impact of invasive species are the co-introduction of new parasites, and they also may act as vector to various disease causal agents. The aim of this study was to identify and to measure the prevalence of parasites of Peacock bass from Tasik Telabak, Terengganu, Malaysia. A total of 28 fishes were sampled by line fishing with the help of anglers and examined for parasites by using general parasitological method and microscopic technique. 3 groups of parasites (Protozoa, Digenea and Nematoda) were found infecting Peacock Bass from the lake. 46% of the samples were infected by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a common protozoan parasite that known as the causal agent for White Spot Disease (WSD) in fishes.  However, I. multifiliis is not a common parasite for wild Peacock Bass in their native area, this finding could indicate the potential of parasite spillback phenomena from the freshwater fish cages from aquaculture activities in the same lake.&nbsp

Effect of Probiotic on Microflora Population and Carcass Yield of Quail, Coturnix japonica

This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary probiotic on intestinal and fecal microflora and carcass yield of broiler quails during the four weeks of feeding period. The quails were fed a basic diet (group 1) which acted as the control group; another 3 groups were fed basal diet with probiotic added at concentrations of 0.05%, 0.20% and 0.35% respectively for 28 days after two weeks of brooding. On day 42, fecal sample and intestinal sample were collected for microbial analysis and carcass yield of the quails was evaluated by cutting the selected parts of the carcass. The results showed that there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus population in quail’s feces between control and treatment group. Otherwise, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in Escherichia coli population in quail’s intestine between control and treatment group, but significantly (p < 0.05) different in Lactobacillus population. Different inclusion rate of probiotic including control showed negative result of Salmonella in both intestine and feces of quail. In addition, supplementation of the diet with probiotic resulted in higher dressing and legs percentage of the carcass but do not affect the breast percentage. This shows that adding probiotic to the broiler quail’s diet can improve the performance of the quails by increasing the beneficial microflora and reducing the pathogenic microorganisms, and relatively higher carcass yields

Physicochemical Properties of Quail Bone Gelatin Extract with Hydrochloric Acid and Citric Acid

Gelatin is a translucent, colorless and flavorless food that was derived from hydrolysis of collagen that was found in animal skin, bone and connective tissue of animals such as domestic cattle, pig, poultry and fish. The objective of the present study is to extract gelatin from quail bone by using acid pretreatment method which is hydrochloric acid (HCl) and citric acid (C6H8O7) and to determine the physicochemical properties of quail bone gelatin. The quail bone gelatin (QBG) was compared with commercial bovine gelatin (CBG) and commercial fish gelatin (CFG). Chemical composition (protein, moisture and ash), bloom strength, pH, color, melting temperature and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were evaluated. The most important parameter to determine the quality of gelatin is bloom strength. QBG extracted with hydrochloric acid (QBGHCl) has the highest (165.36 g) value followed by citric acid (QBGc.a) which was 149.48 g, while CBG and CFG have bloom value 136.28 g and 91.69 g respectively. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between QBGc.a and CBG but there was significant difference (p<0.05) between QBGHCl and CFG. The pH and melting temperature value has range value between 4.84 to 5.46 and 29.34˚C to 38.69˚C. QBGHCl and QBGc.a possesed a similar band (Amide A, Amide B, Amide I, II and III) with CBG and CFG for FTIR. Overall, the physicochemical properties of QBGHCl and QBGc.a has similar quality to CBG which have better quality than CFG. The result has been proven that QBG have a good quality of gelatin, therefore it can be an alternative to gelatin production in the future.

The Effect Of Em-1® (Lactobacillus Spp.) On Growth Performance Of Quails, Coturnix Japonica

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of using effective microorganism as a supplement in diet on growth performance and hepatosomatic index of quails. A 14 days age were used in a trial in triplicate was carried out by compared the control (c) group with three group of effective microbe in which ration was 1L EM:250 L H2O (treatment 1), 1L EM:550 L H2O (treatment 2) and 1L EM:750 L H2O (treatment 3), respectively. The effective microorganism was supplemented via drinking water. Sampling of weight were done every 7 days and growth performance parameter that were used to compare the growth performance of the quails such as Body Weight Gain (BWG), Feed Intake (FI), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Average Daily Gain (ADG) and Hepatosomatic Index (HSI) were recorded. The data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The result shows there was significant different (p<0.05) between control group and three other treatment during week four in terms BWG, FCR, ADG and FI. The result of hepatosomatic index shows no significant different (p>0.05) between treatments as it indicate that the quails supplemented with different ratio of effective microbe had no adverse effect on their liver metabolism. Further study can be done by supplemented the effective microorganism via feed

Growth Performance of Broiler Quails Fed with Enriched Probiotic Feed

Probiotic can help in stimulating the growth and development of immune organs, improve level of immunoglobulin and antibody as well as improve immunity in animal. This present study was carried out to determine the effect of feed enriched with probiotics on the growth performance and hepatosomatic index of broiler quails. A total of 240 quails were divided into four groups with three replicates per group. Each treatments group has a different feeding treatment in which treatment 1 (T0) act as a control with no probiotic added, treatment 2 (T1) with 0.05% probiotic added, treatment 3 (T2) with 0.20 % probiotic added and treatment 4 (T3) with 0.35 % probiotic added, respectively. Probiotic was mixed in the feed of quails starting from day 14 until day 42 and the quails were fed ad-libitum twice per day. The results showed that there was a significant different between treatment group and control in weight gain (p<0.05), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake (FI). T2 showed the best growth performances among the other groups after day 42.There was no significant different in hepatosomatic index between treatment group and control (p<0.05).  This might suggest that different concentration of probiotic has no adverse effect on liver of quails. In conclusion, the study suggests that probiotic can improve growth performance with no adverse effect on the liver of the quails

Abattoirs – A Hidden Centre for Livestock Genetic Resources Loss in Nigeria

Nigeria is naturally blessed with wide diversity of native animal genetic resources. Indigenous ruminant livestock such as cattle, camel, donkey, sheep and goat contributes largely in both protein supply, revenue generation and national economy. In Nigeria, these animal resources are mismanaged and undermined through the indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant animals and foetal losses in abattoirs. This unethical practice resulted in the loss of genetic diversity, preferred traits and superior females ruminant animals. The current research focus on reported incidences across abattoirs, which is a centre where such practice is highly occurs within the country.  Lack of modern facilities, law enforcement, poor management and animal welfare in abattoirs to protect pregnant animals are among few factors responsible for an increase in incidences. It is unprofitable to continue the tradition of pregnant animal slaughter that causes foetal losses. This is a condition that significantly threatens the animal genetic resources and general livestock industry in Nigeria. This practice must be discard with a proper conservation and documentation of these valuable animal genetic resources. Both long and short terms conservation programs must aim for substantial benefits of these resources. Laws must be enforced with strict penalties to those involved in pregnant animal slaughter. Genetic resources of these species and meat industry future could be safe with proper implementation of these laws and conservation measures

Morphometric Characterization of Donkeys (Equus asinus) in D/Kudu Kano State For Selective Breeding and Genetic Conservation

Donkeys (Equus asinus) is a domestic livestock popular in helping farming activities and providing food for some societies. Population of donkeys were drastically decreasing due to the overexploitation for its hides and industrialization. Little is known regarding the morphometric measurements of this species which provide a useful information for selective breeding and genetic conservation. One hundred and forty-four male donkeys from D/Kudu Kano state where enrolled in this study for morphometric characterisation. Seven morphological parameters were analysed in association with age and coat colour of donkeys observed. Descriptive statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) as well as correlation coefficient among parameters were evaluated. Result revealed that donkeys in the studied area were categorised into 7 different coat colour with light grey (30.6%) being the dominant colour. High Frequency distribution of donkeys between the ages of 5-7 years (41%) were recorded. Also, both age and coat colour showed a significant (P <0.01) difference on face length, ear length, chest circumference and body length. Significant and positive correlation (r = 0.43–0.91) is observed in all morphological traits except relationship for tail length which is negatively correlated. In conclusion, the morphological features analysed in this study can be regarded as a preliminary for further studies on the Kano donkey breed

炭素窒素安定同位体比を用いた広島湾の海産生物24種の栄養段階の推定

本研究は広島湾に生息する魚類や頭足類などの栄養段階を炭素・窒素安定同位体分析を用いて明らかにした。分析した魚類の中で最もδ15N値が低かったのはカタクチイワシとサヨリの14.4‰で，逆に高かったのはカサゴの16.8‰であった。δ13C 値が低かったのはサヨリとスズメダイの-17.6‰で，高かったのはマダイとシロギスの-15.3‰であった。頭足類を加えると，アオリイカのδ15N 値とδ13C 値は最も高く，それぞれ17.3‰と-14.8‰であった。このような種間の栄養段階の違いは，食性や栄養源の違いを反映していると考えられた。本研究結果は，瀬戸内海でも屈指の漁場として知られている広島湾において，魚類資源の持続的利用を行うために有益な知見となるであろう。Stable isotopes can provide useful knowledge about sources and processes within an ecosystem. The stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) were used to investigate trophic relationships of relatively commercially important 21 finfish species, cephalopods in Hiroshima Bay. Among 21 finfish species, the lowest mean δ15N of 14.4‰ was recorded for Engraulis japonicus and Hyporhamphus sajori while the highest mean δ15N of 16.8‰ was recorded for Sebasticus marmoratus. The lowest and highest mean δ13C were noted -17.6‰ for Chromis notata and H. sajori, and -15.3‰ for Pagrus major and Sillago japonica, respectively. Including with cephalopods, the highest mean δ13C and δ15N noted at -14.8‰ and 17.3‰ for Sepioteuthis lessoniana. Information of stable isotope variation and trophic level in aquatic species of Hiroshima Bay can be used for monitoring and managing sustainable fisheries