Comparing the Effects of Aerobic and Stretching Exercises on the Intensity of Primary Dysmenorrhea in the Students of Universities of Bushehr

Objective: To compare the effects of aerobic and stretching exercises on severity of primary dysmenorrhea. Materials and methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 105 female students who were suffering from primary dysmenorrhea. The participants were divided into aerobic exercise, stretching exercise, and control groups. The two intervention groups did the exercises three times a week for eight weeks (two menstrual cycles). The intensity of dysmenorrhea was determined using a modified questionnaire that assessed several symptoms of dysmenorrhea. After all, the data were compared between and within groups through analysis of variance. Results: Before the intervention, the mean intensity of dysmenorrhea was 40.38 ± 5.5, 37.40 ± 3.8, and 38.45±3.3 in aerobic, stretching, and control groups, respectively, but the difference was not statistically significant. After the intervention, however, a significant difference was found among the three groups regarding the mean intensity of dysmenorrhea in the first and second menstrual cycles. Also, a significant difference was observed between the aerobic group and the control group as well as between the stretching group and the control group. Within group comparisons showed a significant difference in the aerobic and the stretching group before and after the interventions. However, no such difference was observed in control group. Conclusion: Both aerobic and stretching exercises were effective in reducing the severity of dysmenorrhea. Therefore, women could choose one of these two methods with regard to their interest and lifestyle

Conceptual Framework for Extended Life Cycle Assessment of Soy and Beef Chains

debate on appropriate framework, tools and methods to evaluate food and feed along the chains. This paper presents literature review for evaluation of triple bottom line impacts of soy and beef chains in particular, and food chains in general. We reviewed literature on the sustainability of soy and beef chains and concluded that synchronous quantitative assessment of triple bottom line impacts along the soy and beef chains is currently lacking. We proposed to define a framework to bridge the gap between concepts of sustainability and carry out economic, environmental and social evaluation of food business cases especially for soy and beef chains. The framework includes defining relevant triple bottom line indicators, stakeholder preferences and defining quantitative methods for assessment of these impacts simultaneously. However, this paper is still under development and defining framework has been partly done. Moreover, stakeholders’ preferences have not been finished yet

Comparing the Effects of Aerobic and Stretching Exercises on the Intensity of Primary Dysmenorrhea in the Students of Universities of Bushehr

Objective: To compare the effects of aerobic and stretching exercises on severity of primary dysmenorrhea. Materials and methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 105 female students who were suffering from primary dysmenorrhea. The participants were divided into aerobic exercise, stretching exercise, and control groups. The two intervention groups did the exercises three times a week for eight weeks (two menstrual cycles). The intensity of dysmenorrhea was determined using a modified questionnaire that assessed several symptoms of dysmenorrhea. After all, the data were compared between and within groups through analysis of variance. Results: Before the intervention, the mean intensity of dysmenorrhea was 40.38 ± 5.5, 37.40 ± 3.8, and 38.45±3.3 in aerobic, stretching, and control groups, respectively, but the difference was not statistically significant. After the intervention, however, a significant difference was found among the three groups regarding the mean intensity of dysmenorrhea in the first and second menstrual cycles. Also, a significant difference was observed between the aerobic group and the control group as well as between the stretching group and the control group. Within group comparisons showed a significant difference in the aerobic and the stretching group before and after the interventions. However, no such difference was observed in control group. Conclusion: Both aerobic and stretching exercises were effective in reducing the severity of dysmenorrhea. Therefore, women could choose one of these two methods with regard to their interest and lifestyl

The Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Pain and Forward Head Posture among Heroin Users during their Withdrawal with Methadone

Background: Heroin is an extremely addictive narcotic drug derived from morphine. Its continued use requires increased amounts of the drug to achieve the same effect, resulting in tolerance and addiction. This study was done in order to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and forward head posture among heroin users during their withdrawal. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study that was done on 90 heroin users (83 males, 7 females) aged between 20 to 40 years (32.5 ± 3.81) during their withdrawal in Shiraz, Iran. They were selected by simple randomized sampling. Data were collected by a form regarding age, sex, the duration of heroin use, and musculoskeletal pain. Pain was measured by VAS (visual analog scale) and forward head posture was evaluated by plumb line. Pearson correlation technique and chi-square were used for analyzing the data. Findings: The results revealed that the majority of heroin users suffered from musculoskeletal pain during their withdrawal. At the end of withdrawal 53.4% had severe pain, 38.8% had moderate pain, and 7.8% of them had mild pain. Pain in the lower extremities and low back was more common than the upper extremities. The intensity of pain before withdrawal was mild, during withdrawal was moderate, and at the end was sever, but there was no significant correlation between them. The results also showed 43.3% of subjects had normal posture and 56.7% had forward posture. Conclusion: According to the results, the intensity of pain increased during the withdrawal period; therefore, more attention must be paid to this complication in heroin users for better evaluation and a successful withdrawal

The effect of Flipped Classroom through Near Peer Education (FC through NPE) on patient safety knowledge retention in nursing and midwifery students: a solomon four-group design

Introduction: Selecting an appropriate teaching methodology is one of the key stages in education. This study is an attempt to delve into the effect of FC through NPE on patient safety knowledge retention in nursing and midwifery students. Methods: A randomized controlled trial, using the Solomon design, was conducted in 2019 on 82 nursing and midwifery students enrolled from Bushehr nursing and midwifery school. The Subjects were then allocated to four groups via block randomization. The Subjects in both intervention groups studied the educational content online for 2 weeks and subsequently attended the FC through NPE. Both control groups merely received education based on conventional method. The post-test was once administered to the four study groups immediately after completing the program and once again 2 months after it. Results: The posttest mean scores of knowledge retention in both intervention groups remained the same (P = 0.1), while they were higher in the control groups (P < 0.05). The changes in the mean scores of the post-test in the inter- vention and follow-up groups did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference between the four study groups (P = 0.130, F = 1.941). Conclusion: The use of the FC through NPE increased the knowledge mean scores; however, it failed to affect knowl- edge retention. Given the infancy of this pedagogical approach, further studies are needed to investigate its effects on various learning outcomes. Keywords: Flipped Classroom, Near-Peer Education, Patient Safety, Nursing, Midwifery, Students, Knowledg

Effect of different heating treatments and kind of filling media on the amounts of some mineral elements (iron, zinc, copper, calcium and sodium) of silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix) during canning

In this study, first, the influence of three precooking methods (steaming, oven-baking and microwave-cooking) on the contents of mineral elements-copper, zinc, iron, calcium and sodium-of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) was evaluated. Determination results of evaluated elements in raw fish and cooked samples were in range 3.05 to 4.19 for copper, 71.45 to 82.85 for zinc, 32.18 to 40.70 for iron, 425.6 to 529.46 and 315.5 to 534.76 for calcium. Results showed different precooking treatments had no significant effects on the amounts of mineral elements such as copper, zinc, calcium and sodium. The Iron content in the samples subjected to microwave cooking increased. With doing multivariate analysis, on comparing the raw and precooked fillets, steam cooking found to be the best precooking method on retain mineral elements. After choosing the best precooking method, for evaluating the influence of different filling media including sunflower oil, soybean oil, olive oil and brine, on the quality of canned silver carp, amounts of mineral elements(copper, zinc, iron, calcium and sodium) and microbial indices(total counts, thermopile count and clostridium) and sensory indices (color, smell, taste and texture) was surveyed. Assessments of microbial indices showed no microbial activity in canned products. After canning amounts of sodium increased in all the treatments. Except for iron, using soybean oil had no significant effect on the contents of other elements. The highest levels of iron and copper were observed in olive oil canned samples sterilized at 130°C. Sensory evaluating showed, kind of filling media had no significant effects on sensory indices such as taste, smell and color of canned samples. The texture of soybean oil canned samples and the quality defects of olive oil and brine canned samples had better condition than other treatments. In the last step, canned silver carp were proceed under three different temperatures (115°C, 120°C and 130°C) with equal lethality value (Fo=7min), then sensory indices and amount of mineral elements were compared. Results showed, the contents of iron, copper, sodium and calcium were changed in soybean oil canned sample. The amounts of copper and sodium in sunflower oil canned sample subjected to different heating regimes showed significant variation. The highest amount of copper was observed in the canned samples subjected to 130°C heating regime. Results showed contents of iron and copper of olive oil canned sample subjected to 120°C and 130°C heating regimes were higher than sample subjected to 115°C heating regime, while the zinc and calcium contents had no variation. In brine canned samples the highest amounts of copper and iron was obtained after sterilization in 120°C. Results of sensory evaluation showed different heating regimes had no significant effects on the indices of taste, smell, and color of products. Doing 130°C heating regime in brine canned samples led to obtain the better tenacity of texture. While this heating regime caused to increase the quality defects of soybean oil canned samples as a result of existence of hard parts of bone

Applications and Benefits of Curriculum Mapping: a Systematic Review of International Documents

Introduction: Maps can create a deeper insight of our surrounding environment. The map can also be used in curriculum for its reforming, and developing and ultimately improving teaching-learning process. This systematic review aimed to identify applications and benefits of curriculum mapping. Methods: Seven search engine and websites were searched using the keywords including curriculum mapping, curriculum map (s), medical, curriculum development and planning. 1100 article was found and 179 article were enrolled in the study. Then the relevant article (i.e. 36 articles) were selected and analyzed. Results: 112 advantage and 111 applications were found in reviewed articles. 32 advantage and 29 applications were listed after removing repetitive cases and merging some cases. The most common mentioned advantage was developing a participation culture (students and teachers participation in curriculum). Most applications of these maps were curriculum monitoring and evaluation from different perspective regarding to the required competencies for students. Conclusion: Various users including curriculum planners, administrators, professors and students use curriculum mapping according to their needs. Regarding the benefits of curriculum mapping and its various applications in the educational system, it is suggested that teachers and administrators in each department, design a curriculum map in a project. In this regard, computer programmers can increase accuracy and speed in the projec

Peer Assessment in evaluation of Medical sciences students

Introduction: Recently, peer assessment is especially noticed as a progress evaluation method. Although it is a known method, it is a novel method in many countries that they use traditional methods. Then the topic of current review article is peer assessment in medical education. Methods: The documents related to peer assessment, advantages, disadvantages, applications and how use it extracted of articles, books and report of researches in reliable sources. Results: Peer assessment is a comprehensive evaluation of peer student performance and activities. The main aim of using this method was to produce more correspondence to own learning and peer learning. Of advantages for this method might be mentioned like increasing in student perception of his/her learning, encourage students to accept accountability for their learning, give and get feedback, encourage students to deep learning. The peer assessment is used in evaluation for communication skills, professionalism and effective domain. In peer assessment we should notice to some points: determine assessment criteria, discussion between students after peer assessment, confidence of sufficient time and educating it to students. Also we should notice to some limitations like the correlation between characteristics and results of assessment. Conclusion: Peer assessment is an evaluation method, that if it was used correct and proper, it could be an effective method in formative evaluation for some domains of medical education like affective domain. It is necessary, according to the gap in evaluation of these domains of medical education, we use better of this cheap and accessible tool

Medical Specialists’ Experiences of Decision-Making in Moral Dilemmas

Introduction: Despite various laws, regulations and therapeutic guidelines, it is difficult for doctors to make diagnostic and therapeutic decisions while trying to respect patients’ beliefs and cultural norms. This may affect the treatment of patients and their satisfaction. This study aimed to explore medical specialists’ experiences of decision-making in moral dilemmas at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2012. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Research population included medical specialists and participants were selected by purposive and maximum variation sampling. Data were gathered through semi-structured individual interviews. Interview transcriptions were analyzed using content analysis method. Review of the transcriptions yielded the main categories and subcategories. Results:Eight medical teachers and specialists participated in this study. Three main categories and 13 subcategories emerged. The main categories included “gradually informing the patient”, “building doctor-patient trust”, and “doctor-patient joint decision-making”. Conclusion:In moral dilemmas, doctors tend to make joint decisions with patients and believe that after informing the patients and building trust, they must do their best for their improvement