Comparison of in vitro gas production technique with in situ nylon bag technique to estimate dry matter degradation

Dry matter (DM) degradation of wheat straw (WS), barley straw (BS), lucerne hay (LH) and maize silage (MS) was determined using two different techniques: (i) in vitro gas production and (ii) nylon bag degradability technique. In vitro gas production and in situ DM disappearance were measured after 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of incubation. In situ and in vitro DM degradation kinetics was described using the equation y = a + b (1 - e(ct)). In all incubations there were significant (P 0.05) correlations between c(gas) and c(is) or b(gas) and b(is). Gas production from the insoluble fraction (b) alone explained 98.3 % of the variation of EDMD. The inclusion of gas production from the quickly soluble fraction (a) and rate constant (c) of gas production in the regression equation improved the accuracy of EDMD prediction. The correlations between the results of both methodologies seem to be, sufficiently strong to predict degradability parameters from gas production parameters. It was concluded that the in vitro gas production technique has good potentiality to predict in situ DM disappearance and some DM degradation parameters

Determination of nutritive value of citrus tree leaves for sheep using in vitro gas production technique

The nutritive values of leaves of Citrus grandis, Citrus aurantium, Citrus oranges, Citrus limon, and Citrus deliciosa were evaluated by chemical composition and in vitro gas production techniques. There were significant (p < 0.001) differences among citrus species in terms of chemical composition. Crude protein (CP) contents ranged from 123.0 to 148.3 g/kg DM. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents were varied with species in the range 219.4-355.4 and 215.0-278.8 g/kg DM respectively. Condensed tannin (CT) contents were ranged from 5.9 to 10.2 g/kg DM. The PEG addition significantly (p < 0.001) increased the gas production and some estimated parameters of citrus tree leaves. However, species showed variable responses to polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. There were also significant (p < 0.001) differences among species in terms of gas production and estimated parameters. The OMD and ME contents of citrus leaves without PEG supplementation were ranged from 66.5 to 73.3% and 9.8 to 10.9 MJ/kg DM respectively. The improvement in gas production, organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) with PEG emphasized the negative effect of tannins on digestibility. The increase (%) in the estimated OMD and ME contents ranged from 5.5 to 9.8% and 5.7 to 10.2% respectively. All citrus tree leaves studied in this experiment have potential nutritive values indicated by high crude protein content, OMD, ME and low fiber values

Determination of potential nutritive value of young, old and senescent leaves of Arbutus andrachne tree

Determination of potential nutritive value of young, old and senescent leaves of Arbutus andrachne tree. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 37: 257-260. Potential nutritive value of young, old and senescent leaves of Arbutus andrachne tree was measured using chemical composition and in vitro gas production technique. Maturity had a significantly adverse effect on the chemical composition and in vitro gas production kinetics. Although crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber contents decreased, condensed tannin (CT) and ash contents increased with maturity. The organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolisable energy (ME) ranged from 59.34 to 65.47 % and 8.84 to 9.76 MJ/kg DM, respectively. It is concluded that young and old leaves of Arbutus andrachne tree could be considered a moderate quality forage for sheep and goats. However, senescent leaves are only low quality forage

Comparison of the nutritive value of a turkey native forage, tumbleweed hay (Gundelia tournefortii L.), wheat straw and alfalfa hay using in situ and in vitro measurements with sheep

Hay from native-growing tumbleweed (Gundelia tournefortii L.) was compared with wheat (Triticum estivum) straw and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay in terms of chemical composition, in situ dry matter (DM) degradation in vitro gas production and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD). Chemical composition of tumbleweed hay was better than wheat straw but comparable to alfalfa hay. Crude protein (CP) concentration of tumbleweed hay was higher (P&lt;0.001) than that of wheat straw but lower than that of alfalfa hay. Crude fibre (CF) concentration of tumbleweed hay was lower (P&lt;0.001) than that of wheat straw but similar to that of alfalfa hay. Mineral concentrations varied among forages. Tumbleweed hay was high in phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) compared with alfalfa hay and wheat straw. The in situ DM disappearance and corresponding estimated prediction equation parameters of tumbleweed hay were higher (P&lt;0.001) than those of wheat straw but similar to those of alfalfa hay, whereas in vitro gas production at all incubation times and corresponding estimated parameters of tumbleweed hay were higher (P&lt;0.001) than those of alfalfa hay and wheat straw. Metabolizable energy (ME) values of the forages varied between 7.1 and 10.5 MJ/kg DM. The ME value of tumbleweed hay exceeded (P&lt;0.001) those of alfalfa hay and wheat straw. In vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) of tumbleweed hay was higher (P&lt;0.001) than that wheat straw but similar to that of alfalfa. It was concluded that the nutritive value of tumbleweed hay is better than that of wheat straw and comparable to that of alfalfa hay. Within the confines of this study, tumbleweed hay seems to have potential as a forage crop for smallholder farmers during periods of forage scarcity. (English

Timol'ün yoncanın sindirimi, rumen fermantasyonu ve i̇n vitro gaz üretimi üzerine etkisi

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of inclusion of essential oil thymol on the incubation on gas production kinetics, volatile fatty acids (VFA), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents of alfalfa hay. Gas productions were determined at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h incubation times. Thymol were added in the ratio of 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L. Gas production kinetics were determined using the equation Y = A (1-exp-ct). The thymol addition had a significant effect on the gas production kinetics, OMD and ME of alfalfa hay. Thymol at 200 mg/L resulted in 22.77% of decrease in potential gas production (A). The mean decrease in potential gas production per mg thymol supplementation was 0.0836 ml. The mean decreases in ME and OMD per mg thymol supplementation were 0.0132 (ME unit) and 0.086 (digestibility unit) respectively. The mean decreases in truly digestible dry matter (TDDM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDFD) per mg thymol supplementation were 0.0546 and 0.0748 digestibility units respectively (P < 0.05; P < 0.001). As a conclusion, thymol exhibit significant anti-microbial activity causing an inhibition of the overall fermentation process

Ruminant beslemede kullanılan bazı yemlerin kısmi gaz üretim zamanlarının tahmini

The aim of this study was to determine the gas production kinetics of wheat straw, alfalfa hay and barley grain and estimate t25, t50, t75 and t95 using Y = A(1-exp(-ct)) exponential model. Gas productions were determined at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h incubation times. At all incubation times gas production of barley grain was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than those of wheat straw and alfalfa hay. The in vitro gas production rate (c) and total gas production (A) of barley grain was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than those of wheat straw and alfalfa hay. Time to produce 25, 50, 75 and 95% of total gas production (t25, t50, t75 and t95) of barley grain also were significantly (P < 0.01) lower than those of wheat straw and alfalfa hay. As a result, in addition to the "c" and "A", using Y = A(1-expct) exponential model the estimation of t25, t50, t75 and t95 will provide more useful data to compare feedstuffs in terms of in vitro fermentation studies.Bu çalışmanın amacı, buğday samanı, yonca otu ve arpa danesinin gaz üretim kinetiklerini, t25, t50, t75 ve t95 gibi kısmi gaz üretim zamanlarını Y = A(1-exp-ct) üssel fonksiyonunu kullanarak belirlemektir. Gaz üretimi 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 ve 96 saatlerinde belirlenmiştir. Bütün inkübasyon zamanlarında arpa danesinden üretilen gaz miktarı, buğday samanı ve yonca otundan üretilen gazdan önemli (P<0.01) derecede daha fazla bulunmuştur. Arpa danesinin gaz üretim hızı (c) ve üretilen toplam gaz miktarı (A), buğday samanı ve yonca otunun gaz üretim hızlarından ve üretilen toplam gaz miktarından önemli (P<0.01) derecede daha fazla bulunmuştur. Arpa danesine ait kısmi gaz üretim zamanları (t25, t50, t75 ve t95), buğday samanı ve yonca otuna ait kısmi gaz üretim zamanlarından önemli (P<0.01) derecede daha düşük bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, “c” ve “A” parametrelerine ilave olarak, Y = A(1-exp-ct) üssel fonksiyonu kullanarak, kısmi gaz üretim zamanlarının (t25, t50, t75 ve t95) hesaplanması, yemlerin in vitro fermantasyon açısından karşılaştırılması için daha fazla ve yararlı datalar sağlamıştır

Effect of heat treatment on in situ rumen degradability and in vitro gas production of full-fat soyabeans and soyabean meal

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the heat treatment of full-fat soyabean (FFSB) and solvent extracted soyabean meal (SBM) on the in situ dry matter (DM) and protein degradability, and in vitro gas production kinetics of the protein sources. Ruminal disappearance of DM and crude protein (CP), and in vitro gas production were determined after 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h incubation using the in situ ruminal degradation and in vitro gas production techniques, respectively. In situ DM and CP disappearances were fitted to the exponential equation p = a + b (1-e(-ct)), where a is the rapid degradable fraction and b is the slow degradable fraction. In vitro gas production data were fitted to the equation, y = A {1 - exp [- b (t-T) - c ( root t - root T)]}. Where b and c are the initial gas production rate constant (h(-1)) and later gas production rate constant (h(-1/2)), respectively. The two protein sources were heat treated both with steam pressure in an autoclave at 120 degrees C and in an oven at 150 degrees C for 20 min. Heat treatment had a significant effect on effective DM degradability (EDMD), effective CP degradability (ECPD) and in vitro gas production. Although the heat treatments reduced the EDMD, ECPD and the amount of gas produced, the results were inconsistent between protein sources. The heat treatments applied in the autoclave and the oven reduced the ECPD0.02 of FFSB by 12.5% and 10.9%, respectively. On the other hand, heat treatment applied through the autoclave decreased the ECPD0.02 of SBM by 13.9%, but by 18.7% when heat was applied through the oven. Heat treatment of SBM using the oven seemed to be more effective than using autoclaving. Heat treatments in the autoclave and oven reduced the total gas production from FFSB by 7.25 and 7.32%, respectively, and from SBM by 12.69 and 7.91%, respectively. It was concluded that heat treatment is an effective method of altering the rumen degradation characteristics of DM and CP in SBM and FFSB. Both methods could be used to increase the proportion of the rumen non-degradable protein fraction in protein sources which would then reach the small intestines unaffected by ruminal fermentation

Nar posası silajına (Punica granatum L.) katılan ürenin silaj fermantasyonu, aerobik stabilite ve in vitro gaz üretimi üzerine etkisi

The aim of current experiment was to determine the effects of urea supplementation as nitrogen source on the fermentation, aerobic stability, in vitro gas production, microbiological characteristics of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) pulp silages in laboratory conditions. Urea was applied at 0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% levels to pomegranate pulp, and pomegranate pulp chopped to about 1.5-2.0 cm length. The supplementation of urea significantly increased the crude protein (CP), but neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) with water soluble content (WSC) decreased with increasing level of urea (P<0.01). The supplementation of urea decreased the acetic acid and butyric acid whereas the supplementation of urea increased the pH, lactic acid, propionic acid and ammonia-N (NH3-N) content of pomegranate pulp silage (P<0.01). The supplementation of urea significantly (P<0.01) increased the in vitro gas production, digestible organic matter (DOM), metabolizable energy (ME) and lactic acid bacteria whereas yeast and mould decreased. On the other hand the supplementation of urea improved the aerobic stability of pomegranate pulp silage decreasing the CO2 production. As a conclusion the urea can be used as a silage additive in the level of 1.5 and 2.0 % when pomegranate pulp is ensiled.Bu araştırma, nar posası (Punica granatum L.) silajında azot kaynağı olarak kullanılan ürenin, laboratuvar koşullarında yapılan silajlarda fermantasyon, aerobik stabilite, in vitro gaz üretimi, mikrobiyolojik özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerinin saptanması amacı ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan nar posası yaklaşık 1.5-2.0 cm boyutunda doğranmıştır. Taze materyale %0 (kontrol), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 ve 2.0 düzeyinde üre katılmıştır. Nar posasına katılan üre ham protein (HP) düzeyi artmış, ancak nötral deterjan fiber (NDF), asit deterjan fiber (ADF) ve asit deterjan lignin (ADL) ile suda çözünebilir karbonhidrat (SÇK) içeriği azalmıştır (P<0.01). Üre ilavesi silajların, asetik asit ve butirik asit konsantrasyonlarını düşürürken, pH, laktik asit, propiyonik asit ve amonyak azotu (NH3-N) düzeylerini artırmıştır (P<0.01). Üre ilavesi aynı zamanda, silajların in vitro gaz üretimi, sindirilebilir organik madde (SOM), metabolik enerji (ME) ve laktik asit bakterileri (LAB) sayısını artırmış, maya ve küf sayısını ise düşürmüştür (P<0.01). Diğer yandan üre silajlardaki CO2 üretimini düşürerek silajların aerobik stabilitelerini geliştirmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, nar posasına azot kaynağı olarak %1.5 ile 2.0 düzeyinde üre kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir

The effects of live yeast on fattening performance, some rumen liquid and blood parameters of lambs

Bu çalışma kuzu besi rasyonlarına ilave edilen canlı maya (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) kültürü (CMK)’nün kuzu besi performansı, bazı rumen sıvısı ve kan metabolitleri üzerine olan etkilerinin araştırılması amacıyla düzenlenmiştir. Araştırmada 3 aylık yaşta 40 baş Kıvırcık ırkı erkek kuzu kullanılmış ve hayvanlar her biri 10 baş erkek kuzudan oluşan 1 kontrol, 3 deneme olmak üzere 4 grup düzenlenmiştir. Kuzu besi rasyonlarına sırasıyla 0 (kontrol), 1, 2 ve 4 kg/ton KM düzeyinde canlı maya kültürü (CMK) ilave edilmiştir. Deneme 63 gün sürmüştür. Araştırma süresince günlük ortalama canlı ağırlık artışı kontrol (1), 2. 3. ve 4. deneme gruplarında sırasıyla 275.55, 291.11, 329.52 ve 290.95 g, her kg canlı ağırlık artışı için tüketilen yem miktarı ise gruplarda sırasıyla 55.026, 4.816, 4.315 ve 4.801 kg olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca kuzu besi rasyonlarına CMK ilavesinin rumen sıvısı parametreleri ile kan parametrelerini olumlu yönde etkilediği saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak kuzu besisinde yoğun yem karmalarına 2 kg/ton KM düzeyinde CMK katılmasının canlı ağırlık artışı, yemden yararlanma, bazı rumen sıvısı ve kan parametrelerini olumlu yönde etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the fattening performance, rumen liquid parameters and blood metabolites of lambs. Forty Kıvırcık male lambs (10 months age) were assigned in complete random block design to feeding trial consisting of four dietary treatments. Live yeast was included into diet in the ratio of 0, 1, 2 and 4 kg/ tones on a dry matter basis. The experiment lasted 63 days. Live weigh gain of lambs for treatment groups were 275.55, 291.11, 329.52 and 290.95 g respectively. The feed intakes of lambs for four dietary treatments were 5.026, 4.816, 4.315 and 4.801 kg respectively. In addition, the supplementation of live yeast had positive effects on the rumen liquid parameters and blood metabolites. As a conclusion, supplementation of live yeast into lamb diets in the ratio of 2 kg/tones improved the live weigh gain, feed efficiency, rumen liquid parameters and blood parameters