Effect of SA post treatment interval (days) on the oviposition of gravid female <i>B</i>. <i>dorsalis</i>.

<p>Repeated measures (mixed model) two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post test (a) punctures (<i>F</i> = 6.86; <i>edf</i> = 20; <i>P</i> = 0.03) (b) Eggs per puncture (<i>F</i> = 130.20; <i>edf</i> = 20; <i>P</i> < 0.0001). Error bars = Standard error of mean.</p

Effect of salicylic acid (SA) on the oviposition of <i>B</i>. <i>dorsalis</i>.

<p><b>(a)</b> punctures (b) Eggs per puncture. Decreased number of punctures and eggs were recorded in SA treated fruit when compared to the control fruit. (paired <i>t</i> test, ovipunctures (0.5 mM: <i>t</i> = 7.59, <i>df</i> = 4, <i>P</i> = 0.002; 1.0 mM: <i>t</i> = 3.81, <i>df</i> = 4, <i>P</i> = 0.02; 2.0mM: <i>t</i> = 11.49, <i>df</i> = 4, <i>P</i> = 0.0003; 5mM: <i>t</i> = 6.89, <i>df</i> = 4, <i>P</i> = 0.002); eggs per puncture (0.5 mM: <i>t</i> = 5.15, <i>df</i> = 4, <i>P</i> = 0.01; 1.0 mM: <i>t</i> = 9.57, <i>df</i> = 4, <i>P</i> = 0.001; 2.0mM: <i>t</i> = 5.49, <i>df</i> = 4, <i>P</i> = 0.01; 5mM: <i>t</i> = 4.78, <i>df</i> = 4, <i>P</i> = 0.01). Error bars = Standard error of mean.</p

Effect of SA on the total phenol and flavonoids content.

<p>(a) Total phenols; (b) Total flavonoids. The total phenol and flavonoid levels were increased in the 2mM SA treated fruit when compared to the control fruit (unpaired <i>t</i> test, <i>t</i> = 7.38, <i>df</i> = 4, <i>P</i> = 0.0009 [phenols], <i>t</i> = 24.92, <i>df</i> = 4, <i>P</i> = 0.0001 [flavonoids]).</p

The response of female <i>B</i>. <i>dorsalis</i> to the SA treated fruit from the field.

<p>(a) Ovipunctures (b) the number of pupae emerged per fruit. The field experiment data shows that the number of punctures and pupae was decreased in the SA treated when compared to the control fruit (paired <i>t</i> test, <i>t</i> = 8.12, <i>df</i> = 7, <i>P</i> = 0.0001 [ovipunctures], <i>t</i> = 6.46, <i>df</i> = 7, <i>P</i> = 0.0003 [pupae]). Error bars = Standard error of mean.</p

The effect of SA on the expression of antioxidative enzymes.

<p>(a) Catalase; (b) Peroxidase and (c) Polyphenoloxidase activity. The results showed inhibition of catalase activity and an increase of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities in the treated fruit (unpaired <i>t</i> test, <i>t</i> = 4.01, <i>df</i> = 4, <i>P</i> = 0.01 [CAT]; <i>t</i> = 5.76, <i>df</i> = 4, <i>P</i> = 0.004 [POD]; <i>t</i> = 11.30, <i>df</i> = 4, <i>P</i> = 0.0002 [PPO]).</p

GCMS chromatogram of untreated and SA treated Totapuri fruit volatiles.

<p>The chromatogram showing differential expression of 3-carene and cis-ocimene.</p

Behavioral response of female <i>B</i>. <i>dorsalis</i> to SA treated and untreated mango fruit (cv. Totapuri) volatiles in the olfactometer.

<p>(a) Time spent in SA treated, untreated and control arms (N = 10) (b) Number of Entries in SA treated, untreated and control arms (N = 10). The time spent and number of entries, significantly differed between untreated to treated fruit. (non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparison test, (<i>P</i> = 0.007) [time spent]; <i>P ></i> 0.05 [entries]). Error bars = Standard error of mean. *Significantly different from SA treated and control arms; n.s. = non-significant].</p

GCMS analysis of volatile compounds from untreated and SA treated mango fruit (Cv. Totapuri).

<p>ND = Not detected.</p><p>The concentration of volatile compounds equivalent to Dodecanal used as standard compound.</p

The assay of <i>B</i>. <i>dorsalis</i> development in the control and SA treated fruit.

<p>(a) The number of pupae formed; (b) The number of adults emerged. The pupal and adult emergence decreased in the SA treated fruit when compared to the control (unpaired <i>t</i> test, <i>t</i> = 11.93, <i>df</i> = 6, <i>P</i> = 0.0001 [pupae], <i>t</i> = 17.96, <i>df</i> = 6, <i>P</i> = 0.0001 [adults emerged]). Error bars = Standard error of mean.</p

Schematic representation of the response of flies with different rearing histories towards γ-octalactone. <i>B. dorsalis</i> was reared on 3 different hosts.

<p>The final (third) generation gravid females were used in oviposition bioassays. A one-tailed <i>t</i> test revealed a significant difference (<i>P</i><0.0001) between Test (OL, γ-octalactone present) and Control (No OL, γ-octalactone not present). One-way ANOVA between the tests of group 1 (mango), 2 (banana) and 3 (guava) showed no significant difference in the mean no. of eggs laid.</p