Pyridazine and its related compounds: Part 32. Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some 3-substituted amino-4,5,6-triphenylpyridazine derivatives

3-Amino-4,5,6-triphenylpyridazine was subjected to some selected reactions with nitrous acid, formic acid/dimethylformamide, acetic anhydride, benzoyl chloride, chloroacetyl chloride, acetaldehyde, diethyl malonate, malonic acid/phosphoryl chloride, diethyl oxalate, ethyl cyanoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate, and ethyl benzoylacetate to give new 3-substituted aminopyridazine derivatives. A few sulfonamide derivatives (new) were also prepared. The structures of the synthesized compounds were proved by their infrared, mass spectra, 1H NMR, and elemental analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the compounds obtained was examined against some selected microorganisms

Pyridazine and its related compounds: Part 38. Pyrimido[1,2-b]pyridazinone, synthesis and some reactions

A new method of generating the fused heterocyclic system with bridge head nitrogen pyrimido[1,2-b]pyridazinone, from 3-amino-4,5,6-triphenylpyridazine and malonic acid in presence of phosphoryl chloride is described. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by their infrared, mass spectrum, 1H NMR and elemental analyses. The antimicrobial activity of the compounds obtained was examined against some selected microorganisms

Effect of replacement therapy on clinical symptoms in patients with vitamin D deficiency

Background: 25(OH) D is an important component for human health. Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide problem. Previous epidemiological studies have shown the association of this deficiency with development of other chronic disease that also increase the morbidity. So early detection of deficiency helps to plan intervention and treatment to avoid morbidity. Objective: To evaluate the association of vitamin D deficiency in individuals suffering with chronic diseases and the effect of replacement therapy on the clinical symptoms of vitamin D deficiency. Method: This study analyzed a total of 115 patients visiting the Diabetes and Endocrine Research Centre. Factors such as age, gender, duration of sun exposure and body parts exposed to sunshine were studied. The data was recorded on a questionnaire performa. Patients with 25(OH) D levels below 30ng/ml were considered to have insufficient levels. 48 patients who agreed for treatment were given standard loading and maintenance dose of vitamin D. 31 Patients reported back after 3 months of maintenance dose treatment. Results: The mean age of patients was 47.82±13.86 years. Duration of sunshine exposure was significantly low with p-value of 0.005. In our study, 112/115(97.3%) patients were found to have 25(OH) D level below 30ng/ml and 41/115 (21.5%) were severely deficient. 48(41%) patients agreed for replacement therapy. However, only 31 reported back with vitamin D level. In comparison to pretreatment records, there was significant improvement in vitamin D levels after 3 months of treatment. There was improvement with symptoms such as lethargy which improved in 11/17, whereas depression and body aches improved in 12/19 and 16/26 patients respectively. Conclusion: It is important to recognize the deficiency of vitamin D level in patient suffering from chronic diseases in order to avoid other co morbidities. So, this study can help to make policy in future about which population needs to be screened and what preventive precautions can be taken

Effectiveness and suitability of vapor heat treatment in disinfestation of export mango fruit, cultivar Abu Samaka, from fruit flies

    Sudan has a great potential for the export of mango (Mangifera Indica L.) but fruit flies, mainly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Ceratitis cosyra (Walker), C. capitata (Wiedmann) and B. zonata (Saunders) are threatening the export industry. The countries importing mango require disinfestation treatment against fruit flies as a quarantine regulation. Effectiveness and suitability of vapor heat treatment (VHT) for disinfestation of the Sudanase mango cultivar Abu Samaka were undertaken in this study. In the VHT, the relative humidity of the treatment chamber was maintained at 99.7% and the temperature of the fruit pulp was raised gradually to reach 46.7°C in 5 hours then kept at this degree for 30 minutes before hydro-cooling for 20 minutes. For evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment, naturally and artificially infested fruits were examined for fruit flies after treatment and compared with their respective untreated samples. To assess suitability of the treatment with respect to quality of the mango fruit, respiration rate, peel color, weight loss, flesh firmness, ascorbic acid content, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and reducing sugars were measured in the treated and control fruits.  The VHT was found effective in disinfestation of the mango cultivar Abu Samka from fruit flies and did not adversely affect the fruit market quality and increased the shelf life

Synthesis and Biological activity of 1,3-Thiazolylidenehydrazinylidene ethylpyridiniumbromide monohydrate, 1,3-Thiazolylidenehydraziniumbromide and 1,3-Thiazolylidenehydrazine derivatives

1,3-Thiazolylidenehydrazinylidene ethylpyridinium bromide monohydrate, 1,3-thiazolylidenehydrazinium bromide and 1,3-thiazolylidenehydrazine derivatives were synthesized by heterocyclization of 2-(1-substituted ethylidene) hydrazinecarbothioamides, characterized and screened for their anti-bacterial activities. The structures of synthesized compounds were established by spectroscopic (IR, 1H, 13C-NMR, Mass) and X-ray analyses

Genetic profile of Egyptian hepatocellular-carcinoma associated with hepatitis C virus Genotype 4 by 15 K cDNA microarray: Preliminary study

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

Associations between Human Aldosterone Synthase (CYP11B2) and Angiotensin II type 1 Receptor (ATR1) Gene Polymorphisms with End Stage Renal Disease In hypertensive Egyptian Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis

Many people with an advanced form of kidney disease do not know they have weak or failing kidneys, but early detection and treatment can help prevent the progression of kidney disease to kidney failure. The resulting costs of treatment of ESRD are enormous. ESRD is a complex phenotype, which results from the presence of underlying kidney disease, and superimposing inherited and environmental factors. Among the predisposing genetic factors, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) disruption is clearly involved in ESRD development. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between CYP11B2 C-344T and ATR1 A1166C gene polymorphisms with increased risk for ESRD in hypertensive Egyptian patients on maintenance hemodialysis.This study included 70 ESRD patients on maintenance hemodialysis (32 males and 28 females, mean age 54.5± 9.5 years, recruited from El Doaah and El Rayan hospitals, Cairo, Egypt. 70 healthy individuals, of matching age and sex (30 males and 40 females, mean age 50.2 ± 13.1 years), were also included in the study. All subjects were genotyped for both CYP11B2 C-344T and ATR1 A1166C gene polymorphisms. Serum aldosterone was also measured for all subjects. Concerning the CYP11B2 gene, HD patients showed increased frequency of the TT genotype (68.57%) as compared to controls (only 12.85%), with no significant differences in T allele distribution between the 2 groups. In contrast, HD patients had low frequency of the CC genotype (5.71%) as compared to controls (32.85%), with a significant difference in C allele distribution between the HD patients (28.56%) and controls (70.7%). Comparing serum aldosterone levels in various CYP11B2 genotypes in HD patients revealed that patients with TT genotype had statistically higher aldosterone levels (121.583 ± 43.311) than those with the TC (72.055 ± 11.709) or CC genotype (68.75 ± 13.145). On the other hand, for AT1R A1166C genotype frequency, HD patients showed significantly (p˂0.05) higher frequency of CC genotype (70%) than controls (7.1%), with lower AA genotype frequency (5.71%) compared to controls (57%). Moreover, there was significant differences in A allele distribution between the HD patients (27.13%) and controls (64.25%).  The same was true for the C allele, with a frequency of (59.28%) in HD patients compared to a frequency of (39.25%) in controls. On the other hand, studying ATR1 A1166C gene polymorphisms revealed that patients with the CC genotype had significantly higher aldosterone levels (121.25 ± 43.006) than those with AA (87.6 ± 25.4) genotype.

RAPD and SCAR markers as potential tools for detection of milk origin in dairy products: adulterant sheep breeds in Serra da Estrela cheese production

Available online 17 May 2016Serra da Estrela Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) cheese is the most famous Portuguese cheese and has a high commercial value. However, the adulteration of production with cheaper/lower-quality milks from non-autochthones ovine breeds compromises the quality of the final product and undervalues the original PDO cheese. A Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was developed for efficient detection of adulterant breeds in milk mixtures used for fraudulent production of this cheese. Furthermore, Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markers were designed envisioning the detection of milk adulteration in processed dairy foods. The RAPD-SCAR technique is here described, for the first time, to be potentially useful for detection of milk origin in dairy products. In this sense, our findings will play an important role on the valorization of Serra da Estrela cheese, as well as on other high-quality dairy products prone to adulteration, contributing to the further development of the dairy industry.This work was financially supported by the project ‘‘Valor Queijo” (CENTRO-07-0202-FEDER-030372) funded by FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) and co-funded by ‘‘Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional” (FEDER) through ‘‘COMPETE – Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade” (POFC). This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the Strategic Project of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145- FEDER-006684) and the project RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462)

The use of watershed geomorphic data in flash flood susceptibility zoning: a case study of the Karnaphuli and Sangu river basins of Bangladesh

The occurrence of heavy rainfall in the south-eastern hilly region of Bangladesh makes this area highly susceptible to recurrent flash flooding. As the region is the commercial capital of Bangladesh, these flash floods pose a significant threat to the national economy. Predicting this type of flooding is a complex task which requires a detailed understanding of the river basin characteristics. This study evaluated the susceptibility of the region to flash floods emanating from within the Karnaphuli and Sangu river basins. Twenty-two morphometric parameters were used. The occurrence and impact of flash floods within these basins are mainly associated with the volume of runoff, runoff velocity, and the surface infiltration capacity of the various watersheds. Analysis showed that major parts of the basin were susceptible to flash flooding events of a ‘moderate’-to-‘very high’ level of severity. The degree of susceptibility of ten of the watersheds was rated as ‘high’, and one was ‘very high’. The flash flood susceptibility map drawn from the analysis was used at the sub-district level to identify populated areas at risk. More than 80% of the total area of the 16 sub-districts were determined to have a ‘high’-to-‘very-high’-level flood susceptibility. The analysis noted that around 3.4 million people reside in flash flood-prone areas, therefore indicating the potential for loss of life and property. The study identified significant flash flood potential zones within a region of national importance, and exposure of the population to these events. Detailed analysis and display of flash flood susceptibility data at the sub-district level can enable the relevant organizations to improve watershed management practices and, as a consequence, alleviate future flood risk