1,933 research outputs found
Bayesian Inference for partially observed SDEs Driven by Fractional Brownian Motion
We consider continuous-time diffusion models driven by fractional Brownian
motion. Observations are assumed to possess a non-trivial likelihood given the
latent path. Due to the non-Markovianity and high-dimensionality of the latent
paths, estimating posterior expectations is a computationally challenging
undertaking. We present a reparameterization framework based on the Davies and
Harte method for sampling stationary Gaussian processes and use this framework
to construct a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm that allows computationally
efficient Bayesian inference. The Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is based
on a version of hybrid Monte Carlo that delivers increased efficiency when
applied on the high-dimensional latent variables arising in this context. We
specify the methodology on a stochastic volatility model allowing for memory in
the volatility increments through a fractional specification. The methodology
is illustrated on simulated data and on the S&P500/VIX time series and is shown
to be effective. Contrary to a long range dependence attribute of such models
often assumed in the literature, with Hurst parameter larger than 1/2, the
posterior distribution favours values smaller than 1/2, pointing towards medium
range dependence
Likelihood-based inference for correlated diffusions
We address the problem of likelihood based inference for correlated diffusion
processes using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques. Such a task
presents two interesting problems. First, the construction of the MCMC scheme
should ensure that the correlation coefficients are updated subject to the
positive definite constraints of the diffusion matrix. Second, a diffusion may
only be observed at a finite set of points and the marginal likelihood for the
parameters based on these observations is generally not available. We overcome
the first issue by using the Cholesky factorisation on the diffusion matrix. To
deal with the likelihood unavailability, we generalise the data augmentation
framework of Roberts and Stramer (2001 Biometrika 88(3):603-621) to
d-dimensional correlated diffusions including multivariate stochastic
volatility models. Our methodology is illustrated through simulation based
experiments and with daily EUR /USD, GBP/USD rates together with their implied
volatilities
Inference for stochastic volatility model using time change transformations
We address the problem of parameter estimation for diffusion driven stochastic volatility models through Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). To avoid degeneracy issues we introduce an innovative reparametrisation defined through transformations that operate on the time scale of the diffusion. A novel MCMC scheme which overcomes the inherent difficulties of time change transformations is also presented. The algorithm is fast to implement and applies to models with stochastic volatility. The methodology is tested through simulation based experiments and illustrated on data consisting of US treasury bill rates.Imputation, Markov chain Monte Carlo, Stochastic volatility
Generalised Bayesian Structural Equation Modelling
We propose a generalised framework for Bayesian Structural Equation Modelling
(SEM) that can be applied to a variety of data types. The introduced framework
focuses on the approximate zero approach, according to which parameters that
would before set to zero (e.g. factor loadings) are now formulated to be
approximate zero. It extends previously suggested models by \citeA{MA12} and
can handle continuous, binary, and ordinal data. Moreover, we propose a novel
model assessment paradigm aiming to address shortcomings of posterior
predictive values, which provide the default metric of fit for Bayesian
SEM. The introduced model assessment procedure monitors the out-of-sample
predictive performance of the fitted model, and together with a list of
guidelines we provide, one can investigate whether the hypothesised model is
supported by the data. We incorporate scoring rules and cross-validation to
supplement existing model assessment metrics for Bayesian SEM. We study the
performance of the proposed methodology via simulations. The model for
continuous and binary data is fitted to data on the `Big-5' personality scale
and the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence respectively
Likelihood-based inference for correlated diffusions
We address the problem of likelihood based inference for correlated diffusion processes using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques. Such a task presents two interesting problems. First, the construction of the MCMC scheme should ensure that the correlation coefficients are updated subject to the positive definite constraints of the diffusion matrix. Second, a diffusion may only be observed at a finite set of points and the marginal likelihood for the parameters based on these observations is generally not available. We overcome the first issue by using the Cholesky factorisation on the diffusion matrix. To deal with the likelihood unavailability, we generalise the data augmentation framework of Roberts and Stramer (2001 Biometrika 88(3):603-621) to d-dimensional correlated diffusions including multivariate stochastic volatility models. Our methodology is illustrated through simulation based experiments and with daily EUR /USD, GBP/USD rates together with their implied volatilities.Markov chain Monte Carlo, Multivariate stochastic volatility, Multivariate CIR model, Cholesky Factorisation
Role of intestinal microbiome in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration
Background: The microbiome is strongly linked to many extra-intestinal disorders. Gut commensal microbiota, in particular, plays an active role in human immune and intestinal homeostasis. Complex interactions of the microbiota with host genetics and other underlying factors lead to intestinal dysbiosis, which is thought to be linked to ocular inflammatory diseases. Thus, the aim of this review is to analyze the role of intestinal microbiome in age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Methods: A thorough literature search was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE, limited to English language publications, from January 2004 to March 2020. An additional search was made employing Google Scholar to complete the collected data as per the above-mentioned time-line and language limitations. The main keywords used included age-related macular degeneration, microbiome, dysbiosis, autoimmunity, gut microbiota, epigenetics, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, and gut-retina axis.
Results: Recent studies have proposed the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of AMD. Changes in the microbiome have been shown to trigger several ocular inflammatory processes. There is increasing evidence demonstrating that intestinal microbial imbalance may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AMD.
Conclusions: This review summarizes how alterations in the intestinal microbiota can be associated with the pathogenesis of AMD and how new therapeutic modalities can be designed to target this microbiome to limit the severe nature of this disease. Future advances in microbiome research may unveil a new era in understanding and managing AMD
Inference for stochastic volatility models using time change transformations
We address the problem of parameter estimation for diffusion driven
stochastic volatility models through Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). To avoid
degeneracy issues we introduce an innovative reparametrisation defined through
transformations that operate on the time scale of the diffusion. A novel MCMC
scheme which overcomes the inherent difficulties of time change transformations
is also presented. The algorithm is fast to implement and applies to models
with stochastic volatility. The methodology is tested through simulation based
experiments and illustrated on data consisting of US treasury bill rates
The Effect of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Evaluation on Treatment Planning after Endodontic Instrument Fracture
Intracanal instrument fracture is a procedural iatrogenic event during endodontic treatment that may affect treatment planning and eventually treatment outcome. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has offered several advantages, especially in endodontic cases in which information from conventional periapical radiograph may not be adequate to allow a precise treatment planning decision and a subsequent appropriate management of the cases. The present study was firstly conducted to assess the effect of CBCT evaluation on the decision-making process after instrument fracture; secondly, to introduce a new clinical approach in cases with fractured instruments located in the mesial roots of mandibular and maxillary molars. The study design was observational. The sample comprised all cases of mandibular and maxillary molars where an instrument fracture had occurred in the mesial roots. Two qualified (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece) and experienced (more than fifteen years of daily practicing) endodontists evaluated all the cases. The initial treatment plan made by evaluating periapical radiographs of each case was compared to the final plan set after CBCT evaluation. A marginal homogeneity test for paired data was conducted to test the concordance of treatment planning with periapical radiographs versus CBCT. Multivariable logistic regression was structured to identify predictors of modification in treatment planning following CBCT assessment, and to record estimators for decision to remove, bypass or retain the fragment. The level of statistical significance was pre-specified at p < 0.05. Of a total 52 cases evaluated, change in treatment planning with conventional periapical radiograph as a reference, following evaluation of CBCT, was observed in more than half of the teeth. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Apical location of the fragment was more likely to induce a perceived change in treatment planning after CBCT evaluation (p < 0.01). Canal merging induced 95% lower odds (p = 0.01) for taking a decision to remove or bypass, revealing that retaining the fragment was by far a more likely decision. A significant impact of CBCT preoperative evaluation on treatment planning for the management of such cases was demonstrated. Apical location of the fragment and canal merging seem to influence the decision-making process.
Keywords: cone-beam computed tomography; decision making; instrument fracture; treatment plannin
Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to optic disc pit maculopathy in children
Background: Optic disc pit (ODP) is a rare congenital defect of the optic disc that can lead to maculopathy and gradual visual impairment. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to ODP maculopathy (ODP-M) in children.
Methods: A thorough literature search was performed using the PubMed/MEDLINE database from 1960 to 2020. An additional search was conducted using Google Scholar for completeness.
Results: ODP-M is characterized by the accumulation of subretinal and/or intraretinal fluid. The exact pathogenetic mechanisms are not fully understood, and the origin of the fluid remains unknown. Although ODP-M is more likely to occur during the third or fourth decade of life, cases of children with serous retinal detachment have been recorded. Early diagnosis of ODP-M and prompt, appropriate management are crucial, particularly in patients of amblyogenic age. In adults, ODP-M may resolve spontaneously, but most cases require surgical intervention to prevent permanent loss of vision. However, the fact that ODP-M may spontaneously resolve in children cannot be ignored. Various surgical methods have been described, including pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined with various techniques, including laser photocoagulation, intravitreal gas injection, and macular buckling.
Conclusions: PPV remains the mainstay surgical approach for ODP-M. However, ODP-M may differ between children and adults. Children constitute a unique population of patients that require a different and probably more tailor-made approach. Detailed clinical examination, combined with a thorough analysis of retinal imaging, may improve our understanding of the background and pathophysiology of the disease and eventually provide us with new insights into the management of ODP-M in the pediatric population.
How to cite this article: Kalogeropoulos D, Asproudis I, Chāng SW, Mitra A, Sharma A, Katsikatsos K, Asproudis C, Kalogeropoulos C. Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to optic disc pit maculopathy in children. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Optom.2021 Spring; 2(1): 24-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry12
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