27 research outputs found
ROCK signaling promotes collagen remodeling to facilitate invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumor cell growth
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a major cause of cancer death; identifying PDAC enablers may reveal potential therapeutic targets. Expression of the actomyosin regulatory ROCK1 and ROCK2 kinases increased with tumor progression in human and mouse pancreatic tumors, while elevated ROCK1/ROCK2 expression in human patients, or conditional ROCK2 activation in a KrasG12D/p53R172H mouse PDAC model, was associated with reduced survival. Conditional ROCK1 or ROCK2 activation promoted invasive growth of mouse PDAC cells into threeâdimensional collagen matrices by increasing matrix remodeling activities. RNA sequencing revealed a coordinated program of ROCKâinduced genes that facilitate extracellular matrix remodeling, with greatest foldâchanges for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) Mmp10 and Mmp13. MMP inhibition not only decreased collagen degradation and invasion, but also reduced proliferation in threeâdimensional contexts. Treatment of KrasG12D/p53R172H PDAC mice with a ROCK inhibitor prolonged survival, which was associated with increased tumorâassociated collagen. These findings reveal an ancillary role for increased ROCK signaling in pancreatic cancer progression to promote extracellular matrix remodeling that facilitates proliferation and invasive tumor growth
Author Correction: Dynamic regulation of canonical TGFÎČ signalling by endothelial transcription factor ERG protects from liver fibrogenesis.
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper
The Transcription Factor ERG Regulates Super-Enhancers Associated with an Endothelial-Specific Gene Expression Program
Rationale: The ETS transcription factor (TF) ERG is essential for endothelial homeostasis, driving
expression of lineage genes and repressing pro-inflammatory genes. Loss of ERG expression is associated
with diseases including atherosclerosis. ERGâs homeostatic function is lineage-specific, since aberrant
ERG expression in cancer is oncogenic. The molecular basis for ERG lineage-specific activity is unknown.
Transcriptional regulation of lineage specificity is linked to enhancer clusters (super-enhancers).
Objective: To investigate whether ERG regulates endothelial-specific gene expression via super-enhancers.
Methods and Results: Chromatin immunoprecipitation with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) in
human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) showed that ERG binds 93% of super-enhancers ranked
according to H3K27ac, a mark of active chromatin. These were associated with endothelial genes such as
DLL4, CLDN5, VWF and CDH5. Comparison between HUVEC and prostate cancer TMPRSS2:ERG
fusion-positive VCaP cells revealed distinctive lineage-specific transcriptome and super-enhancer profiles.
At a subset of endothelial super-enhancers (including DLL4 and CLDN5), loss of ERG results in significant
reduction in gene expression which correlates with decreased enrichment of H3K27ac and Mediator subunit
MED1, and reduced recruitment of acetyltransferase p300. At these super-enhancers, co-occupancy of
GATA2 and AP-1 is significantly lower compared to super-enhancers that remained constant following
ERG inhibition. These data suggest distinct mechanisms of super-enhancer regulation in EC and highlight
the unique role of ERG in controlling a core subset of super-enhancers. Most disease-associated single
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) lie within noncoding
regions and perturb TF recognition sequences in relevant cell types. Analysis of GWAS data shows
significant enrichment of risk variants for CVD and other diseases, at ERG endothelial enhancers and superenhancers.
Conclusions: The TF ERG promotes endothelial homeostasis via regulation of lineage-specific enhancers
and super-enhancers. Enrichment of CVD-associated SNPs at ERG super-enhancers suggests that ERGdependent transcription modulates disease risk.This work was funded by grants from the British Heart Foundation (RG/11/17/29256; RG/17/4/32662;
FS/15/65/32036; PG/17/33/32990) and Cancer Research U
Discretization Provides a Conceptually Simple Tool to Build Expression Networks
Biomarker identification, using network methods, depends on finding regular co-expression patterns; the overall connectivity is of greater importance than any single relationship. A second requirement is a simple algorithm for ranking patients on how relevant a gene-set is. For both of these requirements discretized data helps to first identify gene cliques, and then to stratify patients
Identification of a candidate prognostic gene signature by transcriptome analysis of matched pre-and post-treatment prostatic biopsies from patients with advanced prostate cancer
Background: Although chemotherapy for prostate cancer (PCa) can improve patient survival, some tumours are
chemo-resistant. Tumour molecular profiles may help identify the mechanisms of drug action and identify potential
prognostic biomarkers. We performed in vivo transcriptome profiling of pre- and post-treatment prostatic biopsies
from patients with advanced hormone-naive prostate cancer treated with docetaxel chemotherapy and androgen
deprivation therapy (ADT) with an aim to identify the mechanisms of drug action and identify prognostic biomarkers.
Methods: RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed on biopsies from four patients before and ~22 weeks after
docetaxel and ADT initiation. Gene fusion products and differentially-regulated genes between treatment pairs were
identified using TopHat and pathway enrichment analyses undertaken. Publically available datasets were interrogated
to perform survival analyses on the gene signatures identified using cBioportal.
Results: A number of genomic rearrangements were identified including the TMPRSS2/ERG fusion and 3 novel gene
fusions involving the ETS family of transcription factors in patients, both pre and post chemotherapy. In total, gene
expression analyses showed differential expression of at least 2 fold in 575 genes in post-chemotherapy biopsies. Of
these, pathway analyses identified a panel of 7 genes (ADAM7, FAM72B, BUB1B, CCNB1, CCNB2, TTK, CDK1), including
a cell cycle-related geneset, that were differentially-regulated following treatment with docetaxel and ADT. Using
cBioportal to interrogate the MSKCC-Prostate Oncogenome Project dataset we observed a statistically-significant
reduction in disease-free survival of patients with tumours exhibiting alterations in gene expression of the above
panel of 7 genes (p = 0.015).
Conclusions: Here we report on the first âreal-timeâ in vivo RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis of clinical PCa from
pre- and post-treatment TRUSS-guided biopsies of patients treated with docetaxel chemotherapy plus ADT. We identify
a chemotherapy-driven PCa transcriptome profile which includes the down-regulation of important positive regulators
of cell cycle progression. A 7 gene signature biomarker panel has also been identified in high-risk prostate cancer
patients to be of prognostic value. Future prospective study is warranted to evaluate the clinical value of this panel
The transcription factor ERG regulates a low shear stress-induced anti-thrombotic pathway in the microvasculature.
Endothelial cells actively maintain an anti-thrombotic environment; loss of this protective function may lead to thrombosis and systemic coagulopathy. The transcription factor ERG is essential to maintain endothelial homeostasis. Here, we show that inducible endothelial ERG deletion (ErgiEC-KO) in mice is associated with spontaneous thrombosis, hemorrhages and systemic coagulopathy. We find that ERG drives transcription of the anticoagulant thrombomodulin (TM), as shown by reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation. TM expression is regulated by shear stress (SS) via KrĂŒppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). In vitro, ERG regulates TM expression under low SS conditions, by facilitating KLF2 binding to the TM promoter. However, ERG is dispensable for TM expression in high SS conditions. In ErgiEC-KO mice, TM expression is decreased in liver and lung microvasculature exposed to low SS but not in blood vessels exposed to high SS. Our study identifies an endogenous, vascular bed-specific anticoagulant pathway in microvasculature exposed to low SS
Evaluation of the brittle fracture resistance of gas transmission pipes damaged in insulation
18.00; Translated from Czech (Zvaranie 1988 v. 37(3) p. 79-82)SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:9023.19(VR--3544)T / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
Atomistic mesh generation for the simulation of nanoscale metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors
We present a methodology for the finite-element discretization of nanoscaled semiconductor devices with atomic resolution. The meshing strategy is based on the use of patterns to decompose the unit cell of the underlying crystallographic structures producing unstructured tetrahedral meshes. The unit cells of the bulk semiconductors and, more importantly, of the interfaces between the substrate and the gate dielectric have been extracted from classical molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations. A Monte Carlo approach has been then used to place the dopants in nodes of the crystal, replacing silicon atoms. The thus created "atomistic" meshes are used to simulate an ensemble of microscopically different double-gate Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors and the transition region at the Si/SiO2 interface. In addition, a methodology to approximate amorphous dielectrics is also presented
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The Transcription Factor ERG Regulates Super-Enhancers Associated with an Endothelial-Specific Gene Expression Program
Rationale: The ETS transcription factor (TF) ERG is essential for endothelial homeostasis, driving
expression of lineage genes and repressing pro-inflammatory genes. Loss of ERG expression is associated
with diseases including atherosclerosis. ERGâs homeostatic function is lineage-specific, since aberrant
ERG expression in cancer is oncogenic. The molecular basis for ERG lineage-specific activity is unknown.
Transcriptional regulation of lineage specificity is linked to enhancer clusters (super-enhancers).
Objective: To investigate whether ERG regulates endothelial-specific gene expression via super-enhancers.
Methods and Results: Chromatin immunoprecipitation with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) in
human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) showed that ERG binds 93% of super-enhancers ranked
according to H3K27ac, a mark of active chromatin. These were associated with endothelial genes such as
DLL4, CLDN5, VWF and CDH5. Comparison between HUVEC and prostate cancer TMPRSS2:ERG
fusion-positive VCaP cells revealed distinctive lineage-specific transcriptome and super-enhancer profiles.
At a subset of endothelial super-enhancers (including DLL4 and CLDN5), loss of ERG results in significant
reduction in gene expression which correlates with decreased enrichment of H3K27ac and Mediator subunit
MED1, and reduced recruitment of acetyltransferase p300. At these super-enhancers, co-occupancy of
GATA2 and AP-1 is significantly lower compared to super-enhancers that remained constant following
ERG inhibition. These data suggest distinct mechanisms of super-enhancer regulation in EC and highlight
the unique role of ERG in controlling a core subset of super-enhancers. Most disease-associated single
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) lie within noncoding
regions and perturb TF recognition sequences in relevant cell types. Analysis of GWAS data shows
significant enrichment of risk variants for CVD and other diseases, at ERG endothelial enhancers and superenhancers.
Conclusions: The TF ERG promotes endothelial homeostasis via regulation of lineage-specific enhancers
and super-enhancers. Enrichment of CVD-associated SNPs at ERG super-enhancers suggests that ERGdependent transcription modulates disease risk.This work was funded by grants from the British Heart Foundation (RG/11/17/29256; RG/17/4/32662;
FS/15/65/32036; PG/17/33/32990) and Cancer Research U