Formation of a working class? a study of factory workers in Bolu, Turkey

This thesis is an analysis of the process of becoming a wage worker in five medium-sized factories and workplaces in Bolu, Turkey, and thus examines some aspects of class formation among first generation wage workers in a small town. The study is based on my own observations of work organizations and workers, and on systematic open ended interviews with workers which overed their own interpretations, evaluations, and perceptions of their own everyday experiences, in and out of work; their backgrounds, social networks, relations with the trade union leaders, and relations with other several groups around them; and recruitment and future prospects. The main aims is to understand the factory workers' model of their society and of themselves, as individuals and as a class. This data establishes three general sets of conclusions. In Turkey there is a rapid move from rural areas and argiculture to towns and urban industrial jobs. A large group enter self-employment in the service or 'informal' sector; I deal with those who take factory jobs. A large majority of wage earners maintain their economic and social ties with the rural areas partly because the urban incomes are low. Despite these brief and eclectic experiences in industry and urban life, wage workers in Turkey showed a high rate of unionization, at least until the 1980 political changes. The workers in Bolu had retained their relations with rural areas and land on the one hand but at the same time established themselves in the town as a stratum of the urban classes. The fact that they became 'collective' workers in industrial production, and share common social identities with other workers has made the question "Is there a working class?" redundant. The effects of this structural transformation was evident from the workers' responses about labour organization, and indicated an incipient awareness of their class position in the system of social classes of their society. My research indicated that they supported their unions mainly both for economic gains, and for maintaining solidarity and unity among themselves. Thus an understanding of the traditional roles of the unions has developed among them spontaneously. They all saw themselves as underpriviledged, and less successful than people "with power and money". An inflationary economy and the lack of social security for many groups in the society dominated their world view. Thus their conceptions of their society was a reflection of the concrete realities of the existing labour market, and of their prospects of future security. They compared themselves with other urban groups above them and below them in the social hierachy. They were living through, and contributing to a newly emerging urban, proletarian culture

Normative future visioning for city resilience and development

This paper argues for normative visioning as an underdeveloped component of adaptation planning. Multi-stakeholder and normative approaches to future visioning offer generative moments when creativity can meet the power to act required for critical, including transformative, adaptation. Including normative methods with community and city actors in adaptation planning allows for alternative narratives of development to arise as a basis for deeper conversation and potential action on the root causes of vulnerability and risk. A specific visioning approach is tested for four megacities – Istanbul, Kathmandu, Nairobi and Quito. Relations between current and future states of development and resilience are found to be both aligned (congruent or contingent) and in opposition (countervailing or constrained) shaping strategy for policy setting. These data are combined with additional work from London, Kolkata, New York and Lagos to pilot a City Resilience Challenge Index (CRCI), indicating to policy-makers whether and how cities are currently moving away from, rather than towards, envisioned trajectories of vulnerability reduction and adaptation. In the future, the CRCI might provide a global tool to track the progress of cities towards climate resilient development and, by doing so, to increase ambition and galvanize action