Notes for genera: basal clades of Fungi (including Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota)

Compared to the higher fungi (Dikarya), taxonomic and evolutionary studies on the basal clades of fungi are fewer in number. Thus, the generic boundaries and higher ranks in the basal clades of fungi are poorly known. Recent DNA based taxonomic studies have provided reliable and accurate information. It is therefore necessary to compile all available information since basal clades genera lack updated checklists or outlines. Recently, Tedersoo et al. (MycoKeys 13:1--20, 2016) accepted Aphelidiomycota and Rozellomycota in Fungal clade. Thus, we regard both these phyla as members in Kingdom Fungi. We accept 16 phyla in basal clades viz. Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota. Thus, 611 genera in 153 families, 43 orders and 18 classes are provided with details of classification, synonyms, life modes, distribution, recent literature and genomic data. Moreover, Catenariaceae Couch is proposed to be conserved, Cladochytriales Mozl.-Standr. is emended and the family Nephridiophagaceae is introduced

<smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City" downloadurl="http://www.5iamas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"><smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region" downloadurl="http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/"><smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place" downloadurl="http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/"> Planktonic flagellates in relation to pollution in Visakhapatnam harbour, east coast of India </smarttagtype></smarttagtype></smarttagtype>

25-32One year study (1994-’95) on planktonic flagellates at four selected stations along a decreasing gradient of pollution in the North Arm of Visakhapatnam harbour revealed as many as 17 species. Dinematomonas littorale, Dunaliella sp., Spumella sp., and Chromulina sp. were predominant. At St. I close to sewage outfall, where the waters are characterised by poor transparency (mean 0.75m), fluctuating salinity (5.21-33.4 ‰), low dissolved oxygen (0.0-5.53 mg/l) and relatively high temperature (max. 35.4°C), Dunaliella sp. (40%) was dominant. Downstream (st. IV) with improved water quality (transparency 2.59 m; stable salinity 27.7 ‰; dissolved oxygen, 3.72 mg/l), Dinematomonas littorale (43.3 %) was the principal inhabitant. Overall, there was considerable heterogeneity in species composition and relative abundance of flagellates attributable to differences in the prevailing water quality. Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), it was possible to distinguish the flagellate populations into two distinct assemblages. Of these, Spumella-Peridinium assemblage was characteristic of polluted conditions at the outfall (st. I), and the Chromulina – Sphenomonas assemblage was noticed at st.IV with improved water quality

Protozoa associated with leaf litter degradation in Coringa mangrove forest, Kakinada Bay, east coast of India

Observations (1995-'96) on mangrove leaf litter revealed a variety of microorganisms dominated by bacteria (5 types), 12 species of flagellates, 2 sarcodines, 17 ciliates, 2 suctorids and 2 sessile ciliates besides several diatoms, nematodes and nauplii. Overall, bacteria outnumbered (4.59 x 105 no. g-1 dry weight) all others constituting 80-90% of the population followed by flagellates (4.8%), ciliates (4.4%) and, sessile ciliates (0.2%). Chromulina sp., Spumella socialis and Euglena acus (flagellates), Cyclidium sp., Prorodon sp., Euplotoides aediculatus and Zoothamnium sp. (ciliates) were relatively dominant (mean density 4,331 individuals l-1) in the litter collected from Avicennia plot. Flagellates, Astasia sp., Heteronema sp. and Paranema sp. and, ciliates, Prorodon sp., Holosticha sp. and E. aediculatus were, however, more common in Excoecaria (mean density 3719 individuals l-1). In situ experiments on leaf decay showed that the entire process lasted 12-18 days in summer and 26-32 days during monsoon. Bacteria were the first to settle, followed by nanoflagellates (2-20 µm), microciliates (20-100 µm), macrociliates (100-200 µm) and sessile ciliates. Nematodes indicated culmination. Bacterial (mean) biomass registered highest value (6.43 x 10-3 mgC g-1) within 24 hours but decreased (3.1 x 10-6 mgC g-1) by day-3 to 5. Mean flagellate biomass peaked (32.6 mgC g-1) by day-2 and microciliates (92 mgC g-1) by day-5 in summer and (47 mgC g-1) by day-24 during monsoon. Macrociliates registered highest biomass (168.4 mgC g-1) by day-6 in summer but lagged behind until day-26 to day-30 (154 mgC g-1) during monsoon. A distinct prey predator relationship, direct dependence of ciliate species on nanoflagellate and bacterial populations as well as, a well marked microbial community succession were evident

Effects of pollution on planktonic ciliates in Visakhapatnam harbour

68-73Observations on the physico-chemical and biological conditions at five selected stations along a decreasing gradation of organic pollution in Visakhapatnam harbour during 1989 revealed a preponderance of planktonic ciliates represented by as many as 25 species. Among these, Uronema marinum (16.9%), Holophrya nigricans (16%), Aspidisca lynceus (11.3%), Stylonychia mytilus (10.9%), Euplotes vannus (10.6%) and Stylonychia putrina (10.3%) constituted numerically the bulk (75.3%) of the population. At st.1 close to sewage outfall, where the waters are characterised by low dissolved oxygen ( median 0.98 mg. l(-1)), fluctuating salinity (12.7-31.1 x 10(-3)), low secchi-disc transparency(min. 14cm), relatively high temperature (max. 35 degrees C), Aspidisca lynceus (24.2%) was dominant. Downstream (st.V), where water quality improved relatively (transparency Im; temperature 26-31 degrees C), the principal inhabitant was Euplotes vannus (22.3%). During the study, it was possible to distinguish the ciliates into three different groups in relation to the prevailing water quality

Electrochemical behavior of single layer CrN, TiN, TiAlN coatings and nanolayered TiAlN/CrN multilayer coatings prepared by reactive direct current magnetron sputtering

The corrosion behaviors of single layer TiN, CrN, TiAlN and multilayer TiAlN/CrN coatings, deposited on steel substrate using a multi-target reactive direct current magnetron sputtering process, were studied in 3.5% NaCl solution by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical13; impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The total thickness of the coatings was about 1.5 x3BC;m. About 0.5 x3BC;m thick chromium interlayer was used for improved adhesion of the coatings. The potentiodynamic polarization measurements showed that for all the coatings the corrosion potential shifted13; to higher values as compared to the uncoated substrate. Similarly, the corrosion current density decreased for coated samples, indicating better corrosion resistance of the coated samples. The multilayer coatings of TiAlN/CrN exhibited superior corrosion behavior as compared to the single layer coatings. The Nyquist and the Bode plots obtained from the EIS measurements were fitted by appropriate equivalent circuits to calculate the13; pore resistance, the charge transfer resistance and the capacitance. These studies revealed that the pore resistance was lowest for TiN coatings, which increased for TiAlN coatings. TiAlN/CrN multilayer coatings exhibited highest pore resistance. No significant change in the capacitive13; behavior of the coatings was observed, suggesting minimal morphological changes as a result of immersion in the electrolyte. This could be attributed to shorter immersion durations. These studies were confirmed by examining the corroded samples under scanning electron microscope.13; Preliminary experiments conducted with additional interlayer of electroless nickel (5.0 x3BC;m thick) have shown significant improvement in the corrosion resistance of the coatings.13; xA9; 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved