Lifetime distributions in the methods of non-equilibrium statistical operator and superstatistics

A family of non-equilibrium statistical operators is introduced which differ by the system age distribution over which the quasi-equilibrium (relevant) distribution is averaged. To describe the nonequilibrium states of a system we introduce a new thermodynamic parameter - the lifetime of a system. Superstatistics, introduced in works of Beck and Cohen [Physica A \textbf{322}, (2003), 267] as fluctuating quantities of intensive thermodynamical parameters, are obtained from the statistical distribution of lifetime (random time to the system degeneracy) considered as a thermodynamical parameter. It is suggested to set the mixing distribution of the fluctuating parameter in the superstatistics theory in the form of the piecewise continuous functions. The distribution of lifetime in such systems has different form on the different stages of evolution of the system. The account of the past stages of the evolution of a system can have a substantial impact on the non-equilibrium behaviour of the system in a present time moment.Comment: 18 page

Autumn dynamics of the number of hunting species of waterfowl in the North Kazakhstan Region

The paper discusses the results of studying the species composition and number of hunting species of waterfowl, their dynamics during the autumn migrations over a five-year period (from 2012 to 2016), as well as the conditions of migration. Some features of the seasonal migrations have been established. These features make it possible to supplement the ideas about migrations’ terms and patterns, the number and ratio of species, the relationship of migration intensity with the state of the habitat in key migration areas. A number of natural and anthropogenic factors affecting birds and their habitat are identified. For only 5 seasons of autumn migrations, 472813 birds of the considered group were counted. A characteristic feature was the steady growth of indicators from 2013 to the present, from 34319 individuals to 68144 individuals, that is, almost 2 times. This had a clear correlation with the filling of water bodies and the creation of favorable conditions for local and migratory birds. The maximum rate was noted in 2012, when the number reached 253754 individuals, and it fell on the period of a deep depression of water bodies. Taxonomic composition was represented by 3 species of Podicipediformes, 20 species of Anseriformes and only 1 species of Gruiformes. The main part in the general population was occupied by Anseriformes - 443660 individuals, which made up 93.83% of all counted birds. Gruiformes were represented by a significantly smaller number - 23550 individuals, or 4.98%, and Podicipediformes - 5603 individuals - 1.18%. For the period of counting, the greylag goose Anser anser was the dominant species in the general population. Its number was 85639 individuals or 18,11% of total number of counted birds. The indicators of the Gadwall Anas strepera were slightly less - 78413 individuals, with a share in the total population - 16.58%.[...]Vytauto Didžiojo universiteta

Study of nanostructured NiTi shape memory alloy’s structure and functional properties

The present work is aimed to study of nanostructured NiTi shape memory alloy’s structure and functional properties depending on the type of thermo mechanical treatment. Structure, recoverable strain and reactive force were compared for coarse grain alloys and nanostructured alloy which was prepared by equal chanal angular pressing. The structure of the nanostructured NiTi was studied by means of TEM. Functional properties were studied by three point bending method in wide temperature range. The processing of the alloy by equal canal angular pressing at 450C results in formation of the structure with mean grain size about 300 nm. The functional properties of nanostructured and coarse grain alloys were compared in terms of maximal recoverable strain, maximal reactive force, specific energy capacity and functional inflexibility. It was found that nanostructured alloy generates essentially higher maximal recoverable force, has higher specific energy capacity and functional inflexibility than coarse grain one deformed as well (up to 7%). These advantages are most favourable in the field of applications of the shape memory alloys to surgical or dental implant’s design

Application of nanostructural nickel titanium implants with shape memory effect to modern dental practice

The results of clinical treatment of severe periodontal diseases by application of the new functional implants based on nanostructural NiTi alloy with shape memory effect are presented. The nanostructure in NiTi alloy is attained by severe plastic deformation, particularly by equal channel angular pressing. Several new types of NiTi implants are developed, including dental implants (to replace the removed teeth) and trans radix implants (to enforce teeth and to attach teeth to the jaw bone). The surface of nanostructured NiTi implants is covered by the carbyne layer in order to ensure high bio-compatibility. The new treatment procedure is proposed which includes the injection into the jawbone tissue of the mixture based on powdered NiTi alloy. These injection implants will be incorporated into living bone tissue. The result will be the growth of the shell of the new healthy dense bone. The NiTi particles behave structurally similar to healthy bones, i.e. living tissue cells incorporate with them followed by small vessels and nerves. As a result the implants will not be rejected for a long time. The summary results of 3 years’ practice of the successful application of these new implantation system in dentistry are presented. The ease of implementation of the new NiTi dental shape memory implants and the ease at which they can be adopted to bone tissue, especially in cases where it’s in deficit are highlighte