Feature Extraction Based on ORB- AKAZE for Echocardiogram View Classification

In computer vision, the extraction of robust features from images to construct models that automate image recognition and classification tasks is a prominent field of research. Handcrafted feature extraction and representation techniques become critical when dealing with limited hardware resource settings, low-quality images, and larger datasets. We propose two state-of-the-art handcrafted feature extraction techniques, Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF (ORB) and Accelerated KAZE (AKAZE), in combination with Bag of Visual Word (BOVW), to classify standard echocardiogram views using Machine learning (ML) algorithms. These novel approaches, ORB and AKAZE, which are rotation, scale, illumination, and noise invariant methods, outperform traditional methods. The despeckling algorithm Speckle Reduction Anisotropic Diffusion (SRAD), which is based on the Partial Differential Equation (PDE), was applied to echocardiogram images before feature extraction. Support Vector Machine (SVM), decision tree, and random forest algorithms correctly classified the feature vectors obtained from the ORB with accuracy rates of 96.5%, 76%, and 97.7%, respectively. Additionally, AKAZE\u27s SVM, decision tree, and random forest algorithms outperformed state-of-the-art techniques with accuracy rates of 97.7%, 90%, and 99%, respectively

Inflammation mobilizes copper metabolism to promote colon tumorigenesis via an IL-17-STEAP4-XIAP axis.

Copper levels are known to be elevated in inflamed and malignant tissues. But the mechanism underlying this selective enrichment has been elusive. In this study, we report a axis by which inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, drive cellular copper uptake via the induction of a metalloreductase, STEAP4. IL-17-induced elevated intracellular copper level leads to the activation of an E3-ligase, XIAP, which potentiates IL-17-induced NFκB activation and suppresses the caspase 3 activity. Importantly, this IL-17-induced STEAP4-dependent cellular copper uptake is critical for colon tumor formation in a murine model of colitis-associated tumorigenesis and STEAP4 expression correlates with IL-17 level and XIAP activation in human colon cancer. In summary, this study reveals a IL-17-STEAP4-XIAP axis through which the inflammatory response induces copper uptake, promoting colon tumorigenesis