Effects of Irrigation Rate and Planting Density on Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency in the Temperate Climate of Serbia

Scarce water resources severely limit maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation in the temperate regions of northern Serbia. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation and planting density on yield and water use efficiency in temperate climate under sprinkler irrigation. The experiment included five irrigation treatments (full irrigated treatment – FIT; 80% FIT, 60% FIT, 40% FIT, and rainfed) and three planting densities (PD1: 54,900 plants ha–1 ; PD2: 64,900 plants ha–1; PD3: 75,200 plants ha–1). There was increase in yield with the irrigation (1.05–80.00%) as compared to the rainfed crop. Results showed that decreasing irrigation rates resulted in a decrease in yield, crop water use efficiency (WUE), and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). Planting density had significant effects on yield, WUE, and IWUE which differed in both years. Increasing planting density gradually increased yield, WUE, and IWUE. For the pooled data, irrigation rate, planting density and their interaction was significant (P < 0.05). The highest two-year average yield, WUE, and IWUE were found for FIT-PD3 (14,612 kg ha–1), rainfed-PD2 (2.764 kg m–3), and 60% FITPD3 (2.356 kg m–3), respectively. The results revealed that irrigation is necessary for maize cultivation because rainfall is insufficient to meet the crop water needs. In addition, if water becomes a limiting factor, 80% FIT-PD3 with average yield loss of 15% would be the best agronomic practices for growing maize with a sprinkler irrigation system in a temperate climate of Serbia

ZP hibridi kukuruza u proizvodnim ogledima 2003. godine

An appropriate choice of the ZP hybrids is a result of studies on yielding carried out under different agroecological conditions. Results on yields of nine ZP hybrids (FAO 300-700) obtained in production trials in 24 locations carried out in 2003 are presented. The highest yields were detected in the following hybrids: ZP 434, ZP 684, ZP 360 and ZP 578. Furthermore, hybrids ZP 684 and ZP 434 overyielded all hybrids under agroecological conditions of Bačka. In Banat, hybrids ZP 434 and ZP 578 were highly ranked, while the highest yields in Srem were detected in the hybrids ZP 434 and ZP 360, Similar results were obtained in the regions of Central Serbia where hybrids ZP 434 and ZP 684 overyielded all other hybrids. Stated results point out to high yielding and adaptability of hybrids of a new generation (ZP 434, ZP 578 and ZP 684). At the same time, high yields of already widely grown hybrids (ZP 677 and ZP 704) were confirmed.Pravilnom izboru ZP hibrida prethode ispitivanja rodnosti u različitim agroekološkim uslovima. Na osnovu proizvodnih ogleda sa 24 lokaliteta izvedenih u 2003. godini prikazani su rezultati prinosa ZP hibrida (FAO 300-700). Po svojoj rodnosti posebno su se istakli hibridi ZP 434, ZP 684, ZP 360 i ZP 578. Posmatrano po različitim agroekološkim celinama na području Bačke najrodniji su bili ZP 684 i ZP 434. U Banatu su visoko rangirani ZP 434 i ZP 578, a u Sremu su najrodniji ZP 434 i ZP 360. Siični rezultati su dobijeni i u području Centraine Srbije gde su najprinosniji ZP434 i ZP684. Navedeni rezultati ukazuju na visoku rodnost i adaptîbilnost hibrida nove generacije (ZP 434, ZP 578 i ZP 684), a istovremeno se potvrđuje i visoka rodnost već provernih ZP hibrida (ZP 677 i ZP 704)

Genetičke i hemijsko-fizičke predispozicije novih linija i hibrida kukuruza sa efikasnim fotosintezom

This study confirmed our hypothesis that new maize inbred lines and hybrids derived from them had a dominant property of an efficient photosynthetic model. This property is successfully used in breeding programmes, modern technologies of the seed, and commercial maize production. This statement is supported by the results displayed on the erect position of the top leaves of new maize inbred lines and photosynthetic and florescence parameters: the change of the delayed chlorophyll fluorescence intensity during its course and dynamics, the Arrhenius criterion for the determination of critical temperatures (phase transition temperatures) and the activation energies, as a measure of conformational changes in chloroplasts and the thylakoid membrane. Furthermore, a grain structure including its physical and chemical parameters of new maize inbred lines and hybrids was analysed in the present study. In addition, relevant breeding, seed production and technological traits, properties and parameters of new maize inbred lines and maize hybrids were observed in the present study. The overall presented results show that properties of new inbred lines and maize hybrids are based on the nature of conformational and functional changes that occur in their chloroplasts and thylakoid membranes, as well as, on progressive effects in modern breeding, contemporary hybrid seed production, and the commercial maize production.Proučavane su dve nove inbred linije kukuruza: ZPPL 218 i ZPPL 318 i sa njima stvoreni perspektivni hibridi ZP 600, ZP 606 i ZP 666 za koje je dokazano da poseduju dominantno svojstvo efikasnog fotosintetičnog modela što se uspešno koristi u oplemenjivanju, savremenim tehnologijama za proizvodnju hibridnog semena i merkantilnog kukuruza. Ovoj konstataciji idu u prilog izloženi rezultati o uspravnom položaju vršnih listova novih inbred linija kukuruza i o fotosintetično-fluorescentnim pokazateljima: promeni intenziteta zakasnele fluorescencije hlorofila u njenom toku i dinamici, Arenijusovom kriterijumu za određivanje kritičnih temperatura (temperature faznih prelaza) i o energiji aktivacije kao meri strukturnih promena u hloroplastima i tilakoidnoj membrani. U radu se analizira struktura zrna uključujući i njegove fizičke i hemijske pokazatelje novih inbred linija i hibrida kukuruza. Isto tako, u radu se razmatraju relevantna selekcionarska, semenarska i tehnološka svojstva, karakteristike i parametri novih inbred linija i hibrida kukuruza. Ukupno izloženi rezultati pokazuju da su svojstva novih inbred linija i hibrida kukuruza zasnovana na prirodi strukturnih i funkcionalnih promena, koje se odigravaju u hloroplastima i tilakoidnoj membrani kao i na progresivnim efektima u modernom oplemenjivanju, savremenoj proizvodnji hibridnog semena i merkantilnog kukuruza

Uticaj hibrida na ugljene hidrate zrna i biljke kukuruza

Maize is one of the most important naturally renewable carbohydrate raw materials. The basic chemical composition (content of starch, protein, oil, crude fibre and ash) and the content of lignocellulose fibres (content of NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicelullose and cellulose) were determined for grain and the whole maize plant of the seven ZP maize hybrids. The negative very significant correlation between protein and starch content (r=-0.78) and significant correlation between oil and starch content (r=-0.65) was obtained in grain. The hybrid ZP 666 had the highest starch, crude fibre, ADF and cellulose content, high NDF content, the lowest ADL and low protein content in grain. The lowest starch, crude fibre, ADF, cellulose content and the highest protein and oil content in grain was determined in hybrid ZP 158. The hybrid ZP 730 had the highest and hybrid ZP158 the lowest dry matter yield of whole plant, whole plant without ear, ear and yield of digestible dry matter of whole plant. The differences in the contents of NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicelluloses, cellulose and digestibility of the whole maize plant among observed ZP hybrids were 6.21%, 4.01%, 0.79%, 5.65%, 3.88% and 6.79%, respectively. Obtained values for the content of lignocellulose fibres differed significantly among hybrids and were closely related to digestibility.Kukuruz je jedna od najznačajnijih prirodno obnovljivih ugljenohidratnih sirovina. Određivan je osnovni hemijski sastav (sadržaj skroba, proteina, ulja, sirovih vlakana i pepela) i sadržaj lignoceluloznih vlakana (sadržaj NDF, ADF, ADL, himiceluloze i celuloze) zrna i cele biljke sedam ZP hibrida. Dobijena je negativna značajna korelacija između sadržaja proteina i skroba (r=-0,78) i ulja i skroba (r=- 0,65) u zrnu. Hibrid ZP 666 je imao naveći sadržaj skroba, sirovih vlakana i celuloze, visok sadržaj NDF, najniži sadržaj ADL i nizak saržaj protina u zrnu. Najniži sadržaj skroba, sirovih vlakana, ADF i celuloze i najviši sadržaj proteina i ulja u zrnu su određeni kod hibrida ZP 158. Hibrid ZP 730 je imao najviši a hibrid ZP158 najniži prinos suve materije cele biljke, cele biljke bez klipa, klipa i prinos svarljive suve materije cele biljke. Razlike u sadržaju NDF, ADF, ADL, hemiceluloze, celuloze i svarljivosti cele biljke kukuruza kod ispitivanih ZP hibrida iznosio je 6,21%, 4,01%, 0,79%, 5,65%, 3,88% i 6,79%. Vrednosti dobijene za sadržaj lignoceluloznih vlakana su se razlikovale od hibrida do hibrida i bile su tesno vezane za svarljivost

ZP hibridi kukuruza u proizvodnim ogledima 2006. godine

An appropriate choice of the ZP hybrids is a result of studies on yielding carried out under different agroecological conditions. Results on yields of ZP hybrids (FAO 300-700) obtained in production trials in 36 locations carried out in 2006 are presented. The highest yield were detected in the following hybrids ZP 684 and ZP 544, ZP 434 and ZP 341. Furthermore, hybrids ZP 684 and ZP 704 over yielded all hybrids under agroecological conditions of Bačka. In Banat new hybrids ZP 341 and ZP 434 were highly ranked, while the highest yield in Srem were detected in the hybrids ZP 578 and ZP 544, and in the Central Serbia were hybrids ZP 684 and ZP 758. Stated results point out to high yielding and adaptability of hybrids of a new generation (ZP 341, ZP 434, ZP 544, ZP 578, ZP 684, ZP 758). At the same time, high yields of already widely grown old hybrids (ZP 677 and ZP 704) were confirmed.Institut za kukuruz "Zemun Polje" izvodi proizvodne oglede već pet godina, počev od 2002. godine u različitim agroekološkim rejonima Srbije, sa ZP hibridima FAO grupa od 300 do 700. Na osnovu višegodišnjih istraživanja (3-5 godina) može se uraditi potpuno pouzdana rejonizacija i praksi preporučiti najrodniji novi ZP hibridi uz već proverene, rodne hibride stvorene u ranijim ciklusima selekcije. U 2006. godini najviše prosečne prinose u Srbiji ostvarili su : ZP 684 (9,50 t/ha), ZP 544 (9,23 t/ha) i ZP 434 (9,21 t/ha). U regionu Bačke najbolji su bili: ZP 684 (10,43 t/ha), ZP 704 (10,25 t/ha) i ZP 544 (10,06 t/ha), u Banatu ZP 341 (10,02 t/ha), ZP 434 (9,50 t/ha) i ZP 684 (9,44 t/ha) i u Sremu ZP 578 (11,47 t/ha), ZP 544 (11,43 t/ha) i ZP 434 (11,34 t/ha). U Centralnoj Srbiji, dobijeni su niži prinosi, a najrodniji su bili: ZP 684 (8,20 t/ha), ZP 758 (7,63 t/ha) i ZP 544 (7,57 t/ha). ZP hibridi najnovije (V i VI generacije) ispoljili su visoku rodnost i stabilnost prinosa kao i široku prilagodljivost (adaptibilnost) na različite agroekološke uslove gajenja, nivo plodnosti zemljišta i primenu agrotehničkih mera (ZP 341, ZP 434, ZP 544, ZP 578, ZP 684 i ZP 758) i uz već proverene i u širokoj praksi prihvaćene (ZP 677 i ZP 704) hibride predstavljaće najznačajnije ZP hibride u narednim godinama

ZP hibridi kukuruza u proizvodnim ogledima 2005. godine

An appropriate choice of the ZP hybrids is a result of studies on yielding carried out under different agroecological conditions. Results on yields of ZP hybrids (FAO 300- 700) obtained in production trials in 36 locations carried out in 2005 are presented. The highest yield were detected in the following hybrids ZP 544 and ZP 758, ZP 684 and ZP 578. Furthermore, hybrids ZP 544 and ZP 684 over yielded all hybrids under agroecological conditions of Bačka. In Banat new hybrids ZP 544 and ZP 758 were highly ranked, while the highest yield in Srem were detected in the hybrids ZP 544 and ZP 684, and in the Central Serbia were hybrids ZP 544 and ZP 578. Stated results point out to high yielding and adaptability of hybrids of a new generation (ZP 544, ZP 578, ZP 684, ZP 758). At the same time, high yields of already widely grown old hybrids (ZP 677 and ZP 704) were confirmed.Pravilnom izboru ZP hibrida prethode ispitivanja rodnosti u različitim agroekološkim uslovima. Na osnovu proizvodnih ogleda na 36 lokaliteta izvedenih u 2005. godini prikazani su rezultati prinosa ZP hibrida (FAO 300-700). Po svojoj rodnosti posebno su se istakli novi hibridi ZP 544 i ZP 758, ZP 684 i ZP 578. Posmatrano u različitim agroekološkim uslovima u regionu Bačke najrodniji su bili ZP 544 i ZP 684. U regionu Banata najprinosniji su novi hibridi ZP 544 i ZP 758, u Sremu ZP 544 ZP 684, a u Centralnoj Srbiji ZP 544 i ZP 578. Navedeni rezultati ukazuju na visoku rodnost, stabilnost i adaptibilnost hibrida nove generacije (ZP 544, ZP 578, ZP 684 i ZP 758), kao i na proverenu i u praksi potvrđenu rodnost ranije stvorenih ZP hibrida (ZP 677 i ZP 704)

European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn) population fluctuation at Zemun Polje between 1986 and 2005

The European corn borer (ECB) (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn) is one of the most important pests of maize in Serbia. Therefore, it has been and continues to be an attractive subject of research. The flight of ECB adults has been monitored by light traps at the Maize Research Institute in Zemun Polje, Serbia since 1966. Significant qualitative changes in the ECB voltinism occurred during the last three decades of the 20th century. ECB used to be extremely univoltine with 80-90% moths of the first generation, but lately it has become predominately bivoltine. During these 20 years of monitoring, a total of 52,450 specimens were captured (32,382 females and 20,068 males) and their population varied between 351 moths per year recorded in 2001 and 8,347 recorded in 1987. Ratio between the first and the second generation has been changed so that the larger number is the second generation: on the average 1:5.94 (first: second generation), and ranged between 1:0.34 recorded in 2004 and 1: 21.6 recorded in 1987