Frequency distribution of <i>C. jejuni</i> clonal complexes isolated from GBS and enteritis patients.

<p>Frequency distribution of <i>C. jejuni</i> clonal complexes isolated from GBS and enteritis patients.</p

MLST analysis of the <i>C. jejuni</i> strains from GBS and enteritis patients from Bangladesh.

a<p>GBS, Guillain-Barré syndrome (Islam et al. 2009).</p>b<p>ND, not belong to LOS class A-E.</p>c<p>Penner heat-stable (HS) serotypes; UT, untypeable; NT, not typed.</p>d<p>ST, Sequence type; The MLST ST first reported in this study are indicated in boldface.</p>e<p>New alleles identified in this study are in boldface.</p>f<p>UA, unassigned.</p

LOS biosynthesis loci in <i>C. jejuni</i> strains from patients with GBS, and uncomplicated enteritis.

a<p>GBS vs enteritis.</p>b<p>GBS/oculomotor vs enteritis; GBS had oculomotor and ataxia symptom.</p>c<p>We determined the LOS locus (class A to E); all the GBS related strains used in this study were positive for one of the five identified LOS locus classes; therefore we did not include other LOS classes in this study.</p><p>NS, not significant.</p

UPGMA dendrogram of AFLP fingerprints from 40 gastroenteritis and 10 strains related to patients with GBS.

<p>The percentage of genetic homology between banding patterns is indicated. Serotypes, LOS type, MLST, PFGE and AFLP types are plotted next to dendrogram. UA, unassigned; NT not typed; UT untypeable.</p

Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> in Bangladesh

<div><p>Background</p><p>Resistance to cephalosporins in Enterobacteriaceae is mainly due to the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Little is known about ESBL-producing bacteria in Bangladesh. Therefore, the study presents results of phenotypic and molecular characterization of ESBL-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> from hospitals in Bangladesh.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A total of 339 <i>E. coli</i> isolated from patients with urinary tract and wound infections attending three different medical hospitals in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh between 2003–2007 were screened for ESBL-production by the double disk diffusion test. Isolates with ESBL-phenotype were further characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing, PCR and sequencing of different β-lactamase and virulence genes, serotyping, and <i>XbaI</i>-macrorestriction followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).</p><p>Results</p><p>We identified 40 <i>E. coli</i> with ESBL phenotype. These isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, aztreonam, cefepime, and nalidixic acid but remained susceptible to imipenem. All but one isolate were additionally resistant to ciprofloxacin, and 3 isolates were resistant to cefoxitin. ESBL genes of blaCTX-M-1-group were detected in all isolates; blaTEM-type and blaOXA-1-type genes were detected in 33 (82.5%) and 19 (47.5%) isolates, respectively. Virulence genes that are present in diarrhoeagenic <i>E. coli</i> were not found. Class-1 integron was present in 20 (50%) isolates. All the ESBL-producing <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> isolates harbored plasmids ranging between 1.1 and 120 MDa. PFGE-typing revealed 26 different pulsotypes, but identical pulsotype showed 6 isolates of serotype O25:H4.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The prevalence of multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> isolates appears to be high and the majority of the isolates were positive for <i>bla</i>_CTX-M. Although there was genetic heterogeneity among isolates, presence of a cluster of isolates belonging to serotype O25:H4 indicates dissemination of the pandemic uropathogenic <i>E. coli</i> clone in Bangladesh.</p></div

Dendrogram generated by BioNumeric software, showing distances calculated by the dice similarity index of PFGE <i>Xba</i>I profiles for <i>S. flexneri</i> 2a isolated from Bangladesh and compared with strains isolated in China.

<p>The degree of similarity (%) is shown on the scale.</p

Transfer of resistance plasmid to <i>E. coli</i> K-12 by conjugation.

<p>Transfer of resistance plasmid to <i>E. coli</i> K-12 by conjugation.</p

Prevalence of Cip^R<i>Shigella</i> spp. isolated between 2004 and 2010 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

<p>Prevalence of Cip^R<i>Shigella</i> spp. isolated between 2004 and 2010 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.</p

PFGE banding patterns of <i>Xba</i>I-digested chromosomal DNA of representative ESBL-producing <i>E. coli</i> isolates.

<p>Lane 1, <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Braenderup (H9812) (marker); Lanes 2-5, PFGE type A; Lane 6, PFGE type B; Lane 7, PFGE type P; Lane 8, <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Braenderup (H9812) (marker); Lane 9, PFGE type E; Lane 10, PFGE type C; Lane 11, PFGE type F; Lane 12, PFGE type G; Lane 13, PFGE type B. Four isolates belonged to PFGE pattern A were isolated from UTI patients attending SMCH hospital.</p

Characterization of ESBL-producing <i>E. coli</i>.

<p>Abbreviations: UTI: Urinary Tract Infection, WI: Wound Infection. U: Urine, SWS: Surgical Wound Swab, ^a Sequencing performed on representative strains, (+) indicates presence and (-) indicates absence.</p><p>Characterization of ESBL-producing <i>E. coli</i>.</p