Cool skin effect and warm skin phenomenon observed by shipboard radiometer in the Northwest Pacific

Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important variable in the study of ocean boundary layers and heat exchange. The accurate simulation and measurement of skin effects are vital to air–sea model processing and satellite SST retrieval. Shipboard measurements from eleven cruises in the Northwest Pacific between August 2015 and October 2018 were used to estimate the cool skin effect and compare model results. The temperature difference ΔT between the sea surface skin temperature (SSTskin), as measured by an infrared radiometer, and the sea surface depth temperature (SSTdepth) at around 4 meters showed a mean difference and a standard deviation of the same 0.2 K, with a total of 5-min 39909 measurements. Both daytime and nighttime ΔT values were compared to physical model simulations and were found to have relatively larger mean values. A set of new coefficients for an exponential parameterization of the cool skin effect was derived in the research area, which performed well in comparison to previous empirical models. In nighttime observations from two summer cruises, the reverse process of heat flux transfer from the air to the sea in the form of a warm skin was distinguished. There were 667 positive ΔT values out of the 1917 nighttime observations, with magnitudes ranging from around 0 to 0.3 K. A high proportion of the cases of the warm skin phenomenon occurred when the air was very humid and much warmer than the sea surface

Unusual case of Niemeier type II gallbladder perforation: case report and literature review

Niemeier type II gallbladder perforation (GBP) is caused by inflammation and necrosis of the gallbladder wall followed by bile spilling into the abdominal cavity after perforation. The gallbladder then becomes adhered to the surrounding inflammatory tissue to form a purulent envelope, which communicates with the gallbladder. At present, the clinical characteristics and treatment of type II GBP are not well understood and management of GBP remains controversial. Type II GBP with gastric outlet obstruction is rare and prone to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. Recent systematic reviews report that percutaneous drainage does not influence outcomes. In this current case, due to the high risk of bleeding and accidental injury, as well as a lack of access to safely visualize the Calot’s triangle, the patient could not undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which would have been the ideal option. This current case report presents the use of percutaneous laparoscopic drainage combined with percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage in a patient with type II GBP associated with gastric outlet obstruction. A review of the relevant literature has been provided in addition to a summary of the clinical manifestations and treatments for type II GBP

Change of Gut Microbiota in PRRSV-Resistant Pigs and PRRSV-Susceptible Pigs from Tongcheng Pigs and Large White Pigs Crossed Population upon PRRSV Infection

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is one of the serious infectious diseases that threatens the swine industry. Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating host immune responses to PRRS virus (PRRSV). The aim of this study was to investigate gut microbiota difference between PRRSV-resistant pigs and PRRSV-suspectable pigs derived from a Tongcheng pigs and Large White pigs crossed population. PRRSV infection induces an increase in the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota. Correlation analysis showed that 36 genera were correlated with viral loads or weight gain after PRRSV infection. Prevotellaceae-NK3B31-group, Christensenellaceae-R7-group, and Parabacteroides were highly correlated with both viral load and weight gain. Notably, the diversity and abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Prevotellaceae-NK3B31-group was high in resistant pigs, and the diversity and abundance of pathogenic bacteria such as Campylobacter and Desulfovibrio were high in susceptible pigs. Gut microbiota were significantly associated with immune function and growth performance, suggesting that these genera might be related to viremia, clinical symptoms, and disease resistance. Altogether, this study revealed the correlation of gut microbiota with PRRSV infection and gut microbiota interventions may provide an effective prevention against PRRSV infection

A 1-bp deletion in the MC04g1399 is highly associated with failure to produce fruit wart in bitter gourd

Fruit wart is an important appearance trait influencing consumer preferences of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). The molecular genetic mechanisms underlying fruit wart formation in bitter gourd are largely unknown. In this study, genetic analysis based on four generations showed that fruit wart formation in bitter gourd was controlled by a single dominant locus named as Fwa. The Fwa locus was initially mapped into a 4.82 Mb region on pseudochromosome 4 by BSA-seq analysis and subsequently narrowed down to a 286.30 kb region by linkage analysis. A large F2 population consisting of 2 360 individuals was used to screen recombinants, and the Fwa locus was finally fine mapped into a 22.70 kb region harboring four protein-coding genes through recombination analysis. MC04g1399, encoding an epidermal patterning factor 2-like protein, was proposed as the best candidate gene for Fwa via sequence variation and expression analysis. In addition, a 1-bp insertion and deletion (InDel) variation within MC04g1399 was converted to a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker that could precisely distinguish between the warty and non-warty types with an accuracy rate of 100% among a wide panel of 126 bitter gourd germplasm resources. Our results not only provide a scientific basis for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying fruit wart formation but also provide a powerful tool for efficient genetic improvement of fruit wart via marker-assisted selection

Zincophobic electrolyte achieves highly reversible zinc-ion batteries

Zinc metal batteries show tremendous applications in wide-scale storages still impeded by aqueous electrolytes corrosion and interfacial water splitting reaction. Herein, a zincophobic electrolyte containing succinonitrile (SN) additive is proposed, the SN electrolyte shows a lower affinity for zinc but a stronger affinity for solid-state interphase (SEI). In the SN electrolyte, zinc hydroxide sulfate (ZHS) is more inclined to accumulate horizontally, forming a dense SEI protective layer on the surface of the Zn anode, effectively slowing down the corrosion of Zn and dendrite growth. The zincophobic SN electrolyte enables excellent performance: zinc plating/stripping Coulombic efficiency of 99.71% for an average of 400 cycles; stable cycles in a symmetric cell for 4000 h (0.9% zinc utilization) and 325 h (86.1% zinc utilization). The soft pack battery using limited zinc delivers maximum energy density of 57.0 Wh kg−1 (based on mass loading of cathode materials and anode materials). Such a simple additive strategy provides a theoretical reference for zinc chemistry in a mild electrolyte environment in practical applications.This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 52272198), the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (no. 2021M690947)