4-Nitro­benzyl 2-chloro­acetate

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C9H8ClNO4, the nearly planar acetate moiety [maximum deviation = 0.015 (3) Å for an O atom] is oriented with respect to the plane of the aromatic ring at a dihedral angle of 73.03 (3)°. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions link mol­ecules into a network. π–π contacts between benzene rings [centroid–centroid distance = 4.000 (1) Å] may further stabilize the structure

Spindle oscillations are generated in the dorsal thalamus and modulated by the thalamic reticular nucleus

Spindle waves occur during the early stage of slow wave sleep and are thought to arise in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), causing inhibitory postsynaptic potential spindle-like oscillations in the dorsal thalamus that are propagated to the cortex. We have found that thalamocortical neurons exhibit membrane oscillations that have spindle frequencies, consist of excitatory postsynaptic potentials, and co-occur with electroencephalographic spindles. TRN lesioning prolonged oscillations in the medial geniculate body (MGB) and auditory cortex (AC). Injection of GABA~A~ antagonist into the MGB decreased oscillation frequency, while injection of GABA~B~ antagonist increased spindle oscillations in the MGB and cortex. Thus, spindles originate in the dorsal thalamus and TRN inhibitory inputs modulate this process, with fast inhibition facilitating the internal frequency and slow inhibition limiting spindle occurrence

Targeting Integrin-β1 Impedes Cytokine-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation: A Potential Pharmacological Intervention in Pathological Osteolysis

Purpose: To examine whether integrin-β1 is essential for osteoclast differentiation and function and if it can be targeted for pharmacological intervention in pathological osteolysis.Methods: Control and Integrin-β1 knockdown RAW 264.7 cells were treated with receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANKL) or TNF-α and evaluated for osteoclast differentiation. Osteoclast differentiation and function were evaluated by marker protein analysis, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and resorption assays. Furthermore, downstream molecular signaling analysis was probed using small molecule inhibitors and blocking antibodies, and evaluated by immunoblotting.Results: Integrin-β1 knockdown cells showed reduced osteoclast differentiation following TNF-α treatment while no change was seen after RANKL treatment (p < 0.05). Immunoblot-based molecular signaling analysis showed involvement of MAPK kinase signaling in mediating TNF-α/integrin-β1- induced osteoclastogenesis. Finally, when MAPK kinase inhibitor (2.5 and 5 μM; p < 0.05) and integrin- β1 blocking antibody (2.5 and 5 μg/mL; p < 0.05) was used to specifically attenuate TNF-α induced osteoclastogenesis, no change was observed in RANKL-induced osteoclast formation.Conclusion: The data obtained highlight the role of integrin-β1 in TNF-α-induced osteoclastogenesis, but not in RANKL pathway. Given that, inflammatory cytokine secretions such as TNF-α are progressively implicated in pathological osteolysis, targeting this pathway may attenuate osteolysis in pathological bone tissues.Keywords: Osteoclast differentiation, Integrin-β1, Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B, TNFalpha, Mitogen activated protein kinase, Cytokines, Skeletal diseas

4-Nitro­benzyl 2-bromo­acetate

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C9H8BrNO4, the acetate group is close to planar [maximum deviation = 0.042 (3) Å] and is oriented at a dihedral angle of 73.24 (3)° with respect to the aromatic ring. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions link the mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network, forming R 2 2(10) ring motifs

Co-combustion characteristics and blending optimization of tobacco stem and high-sulfur bituminous coal based on thermogravimetric and mass spectrometry analyses

h i g h l i g h t s " We propose an optimum blending ratio for co-combustion of tobacco stem and coal. " We examine differences of combustion behaviors between tobacco stem and coal. " Ignition property remains unchanged, but then improves as tobacco stem content rises. " Burnout property improves initially, but worsens as tobacco stem content increases. " Benefits from reductions of CO 2 and SO 2 emissions by blending don't extend to NO 2 . a r t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c t Despite much research on co-combustion of tobacco stem and high-sulfur coal, their blending optimization has not been effectively found. This study investigated the combustion profiles of tobacco stem, high-sulfur bituminous coal and their blends by thermogravimetric analysis. Ignition and burnout performances, heat release performances, and gaseous pollutant emissions were also studied by thermogravimetric and mass spectrometry analyses. The results indicated that combustion of tobacco stem was more complicated than that of high-sulfur bituminous coal, mainly shown as fixed carbon in it was divided into two portions with one early burning and the other delay burning. Ignition and burnout performances, heat release performances, and gaseous pollutant emissions of the blends present variable trends with the increase of tobacco stem content. Taking into account the above three factors, a blending ratio of 0-20% tobacco stem content is conservatively proposed as optimum amount for blending

Follow up observation of permanent epicardial pacing

Objective: To summarize the safety and long-term efficacy of epicardial permanent pacemaker implantation. Methods 69 patients who underwent epicardial permanent pacemaker implantation in Wuhan Asian heart hospital from December 2009 to November 2019 and were followed up at least once after discharge were selected. In 23 children, single chamber pacemakers were implanted through right ventricular epicardium; Among 46 adults, 19 were implanted with pacing electrodes through left ventricular epicardium and 27 through right ventricular epicardium. Follow up the changes of electrode parameters and adverse events within 1 week, 1~3 months, 1~3 years and more than 5 years after operation.Results: Right ventricular electrodes were fixed in 50 cases, of which 37 cases were fixed on the right ventricular diaphragmatic surface and 13 cases were fixed on the right ventricular outflow tract; the left ventricular electrodes were fixed in 19 cases, of which 15 were fixed in the lateral wall of the left ventricle, 2 in the posterior wall of the left ventricle, and 2 in the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle. The median follow-up was 48.6 months. All 69 patients were discharged smoothly without operation related complications. Two patients with giant left ventricular cardiomyopathy died of heart failure after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), and one patient with CRT implantation underwent heart transplantation 12 months after operation because of poor efficacy. The pulse generator was replaced in 12 cases because the pacemaker battery was exhausted. Electrode breakage occurred in 4 cases, and bag infection occurred in 1 case. The ventricular thresholds (median) within 1 week, 1~3 months, 1~3 years and more than 5 years after epicardial electrode implantation were 1.0v/0.4ms, 0.75v/0.4ms, 0.8v/0.4ms and 1.0v/0.4ms respectively. The left ventricular epicardial electrode threshold was the same as that of the right ventricle, and that of children and adults. Conclusion the parameters of epicardial electrode are stable for a long time, but the safety is not good