8 research outputs found
Soil tillage and fertilisation effect on earthworm communities
Magistritöö
PÔllumajandussaaduste tootmise ja turustamise ÔppekavalKÀesoleva magistritöö eesmÀrk oli uurida, kuidas mÔjutavad mahe- ja tavaviljeluse
kĂŒlvikordades mullaharimine, talvised vahekultuurid, vĂ€etamine ja pĂ”hikultuurid
vihmausside arvukust ja biomassi. Vihmaussid koguti septembrikuus Tartumaal Eerikale
rajatud katsealadelt ning kahe LÔuna-Eestis asuva tootmisettevÔtte Hummuli Agro Oà ja
Rannu Seeme Oà tootmispÔldudelt. Saadud tulemusi vÔrreldi varasemalt kirjandusest
vÀlja toodud katsete tulemustega. Eerika katsepÔllu katsevariandid jagunesid jÀrgnevalt:
Mahe 0 â maheviljeluse kontroll (vahekultuurideta); Mahe I â talvised vahekultuurid
haljasvĂ€etisena; Mahe II â vahekultuurid koos sĂ”nnikuga 40 t ha-1
; Tava 0 â tavaviljeluses
kontrollvariant, kus teostati taimekaitsetöid; Tava 150 â intensiivselt vĂ€etatud
(N150P25K95) ning samuti kasutati taimekaitsevahendeid. KĂŒlvikorras olid: punane ristik
âVarteâ, oder âAnniâ punase ristiku allakĂŒlviga, kartul âMaretâ, hernes âTudorâ (2016.
aastal âStarterâ) , talinisu âFredisâ. Vihmaussid koguti kĂ€sitsi kaevest mÔÔtudega 40x40 ja
20 cm sĂŒgavuselt neljas korduses. TootmispĂ”ldude Hummuli Agro OĂ katses vĂ”rreldi
lÀgaga vÀetatud ning lÀgata varianti. Rannu Seeme Oà tootmispÔldude katses vÔrreldi
kĂŒntud ja minimeeritud harimisega pĂ”lde. Vihmaussid koguti tootmispĂ”ldudelt kĂ€sitsi
kaevest mÔÔtudega 20x20 ja 30 cm sĂŒgavuselt, kolmes korduses. Eerika katsepĂ”llu töö
tulemusena selgus, et kasvatatavatest kultuuridest omasid positiivset mÔju vihmausside
arvukusele ja biomassile hernes ja talinisu. Vihmausside vÀiksem arvukus ja mass oli
kartuli ja ristiku allakĂŒlviga odra kasvatamisel. Talviste vahekultuuride kasvatamine
haljasvÀetisena ning kompostitud tahesÔnnik suurendasid vihmausside arvukust ja
biomassi. Samas vÀhendas tavaviljeluses kasutatav mineraalvÀetis usside arvukust ja
biomassi. TootmispÔldude vÔrdlusena oli minimeeritud harimisel arvukus veidi kÔrgem
vĂ”rreldes kĂŒntud alaga, kuid statistiliselt usutavat erinevust ei esinenud. VedelsĂ”nniku
kasutamine suurendas vihmausside arvukust, kuid oluline statstiline mÔju esines usside
biomassile, mis tÀhendab paremat toitumist vÀetatud alal.The aim of the master theses was to study in organic and conventional farming how soil
tillage, cover crops growth, fertilization and crops influenced the abundance and biomass
of earthworms. Earthworms were collected in September at Eerika in Tartu County and
from two south Estonian farms Hummuli Agro OĂ and Rannu Seeme OĂ. The results
were compared with the earlier studies found in literature. The treatments in Eerika
experiment were as following: Organic 0 â organic farming control plot; Organic I â cover
crops as green fertilisers; Organic II â cover crops and manure (40 t per ha -1 on average
per rotation) used; Conventional 0 â conventional farming control plot where pesticides
were used; Conventional 150 â intensive fertilisation (N150P25K95) and pesticides used.
The crops in the rotation were: pea Tudor (2016 Starter), potato Maret, barley Anni with
red clover undersowing, red clover Varte, winter wheat Fredis. The earthworms were
collected by hand from the pits with measures of 40 by 40 cm from the depth of 20 cm four
times. In farm Hummuli Agro OĂ compared experiment were taken from fields which
were fertilized with and without slurry. In Rannu Seeme OĂ farm experiment compared
ploughed and minimal tillage fields. The earthworms were collected by hand from the pits
with measures of 20 by 20 cm from the depth of 30 cm thrice. The result of Eerika field
experiment revealed that pea and winter wheat had positive effect on the abundance and
biomass of the earthworms. The lowest number and mass of earthworms was in the plots
with potato and barley with clover undersowing. Winter cover crops as green fertilizer and
composted manure had a favorable effect on earthwormsâ abundance and biomass. While
in conventional farming used mineral fertilizer decreased earthwormsâ abundance and
mass. The results of two South Estonia fieldsâ experiments revealed that in minimal tillage
field earthworm abundance was slightly larger than in field which was ploughed. However,
there were no statistical significant difference between ploughed and minimal tillage fields.
Use of slurry increased earthworm abundance, but statistical significant effect was on
biomass of earthworms, which refers to more favorable habitats
Mullaharimise ja vÀetamise mÔju vihmaussikooslusele
TĂ€napĂ€eval toimub pidev maakasutuse intensiivistamine, mis omakorda mĂ”jutab mullaorganismide elutegevust. Vihmaussid on maakasutuse ja mullaviljakuse jĂ€lgimiseks head indikaatorid. Nende arvukus on suur, nad on kergesti identifiseeritavad ja erinevatest pĂ”llumajandustöödest otseselt mĂ”jutatavad. Vihmaussidel on mullas mitmeid ĂŒlesandeid. Nad osalevad orgaanilise aine lagunemisel ja mulla mineraliseerumise protsessis, suurendavad selle poorsust, Ă”hutavad ning parandavad veehoiuvĂ”imet ja toitainete olemasolu mullas (Edward ja Bohlen, 1996) suurendades sellega taimekasvu (Brown jt., 2004). Liikudes lĂ€bi mulla jĂ€tavad vihmaussid endast maha koproliite (Edwards, 2004), mis parandavad lĂ€mmastiku, fosfori, kaaliumi, kaltsiumi ja magneesiumi kĂ€ttesaadavust mullast (Pierzynski jt., 2005).
Kuna erinevad liigid reageerivad vĂ€listele mĂ”jutajatele kiiresti (mullaomadused ja inimtegevus) on ussid mulla bioloogilisele seisundile kiireks ja lihtsaks hinnangu andmiseks kĂ”ige sobivamad. Töö eesmĂ€rgiks oli uurida mahe- ja tavaviljeluse kĂŒlvikordades mullaharimise, talviste vahekultuuride, vĂ€etamise ja pĂ”hikultuuride mĂ”ju vihmausside arvukusele ja biomassile
Viljelusviisi ja vÀetamise mÔju vihmaussidele
Earthworms are the easiest detectable species to evaluate soil conditions on arable land. The aim of current study was to investigate conventional and organic farming practices, including different fertilization schemes effect on earthwormsâ abundance, biomass and species diversity. Data were collected in autumn of 2012 from a 5-year crop rotation experiment (pea, potato, barley undersown with red clover, red clover and winter wheat), established near Tartu, at Eerika on sandy loam Albic Stagnic Luvisol in 2008. This rotation was managed under 5 farming systems, two conventional: Conventional I (not fertilized but with addition of chemical pesticides) and Conventional II (mineral fertilized plots with
a final fertilization rate of N150P25K95 and with the addition of chemical pesticides); and three organic: Organic 0 (without any fertilization), Organic I (with winter cover crops used lately as green manure) and Organic II (plots with the same cover crops plus a yearly
amendment of 40 t haâ1 of cattle manure). Earthworms were collected from humus layer of the soil, counted by species and weighted. The dominating species on all treatments were Aporrectodea caliginosa L. and Lumbricus rubellus L. Only some individuals of Aporrectodea
rosea L. were found under conventional farming in both fertilization treatment, but they were found almost on every plot under Organic I and II treatments. As it was expected, the highest number and biomass of earthworms was by using cattle manure. However, as the residues goes back into the soil in this experiment, there was no significant differences in earthworm abundance and biomass between highly fertilized conventional treatment
and organic treatments with cover crops. Earthworms favoured red clover and pea and less potato and barley. The results revealed slightly improving effect of organic farming on earthworms. However, the main factor on earthworms seems to be the availability of suitable food (plant residues, manure) than farming practice itself
Winter cover crops improve soil properties in organic cropping systems.
An introduction of winter cover crops (wcc) into the crop rotation had a positive impact on soil quality in organic cropping systems. Wcc alone and in combination with composted manure enriched soil with organic matter, activated soil life (increased number of earthworms and higher soil microbial activity - FDA), increased soil pH value, and supported nutrient cycling and soil formation
OtsekĂŒlvi mĂ”ju mulla kvaliteedile Eesti tootmispĂ”ldudel
Finding out the best agricultural management practices for certain climatic regions
and soils is crucial to maintain soils quality. One of the practices, to stop soil erosion,
reduce leaching and increase soil organic carbon content, is no-tillage. No tillage is
coming more popular also in Estonia. It helps to reduce fuel and labour costs. However,
as there is missing decades long practice of no-tillage in Estonia, its effect on soil
quality is not clear. At the same time, easy methods to detect soil quality are needed
next to the laboratory analyses. During the project iSQPER the visual assessment tool
was developed for easy detection of soil quality. The aim of the current study was to
compare visual assessment with laboratory measurements on Estonian no-till fields
in the 2016. The study was done on sandy loam Gleyic Stagnic Luvisol in PÔlva and
sandy loam Stagnic Luvisol in Tartu County. Visual assessment was made from the soil
upper 30 cm layer, laboratory measurements from 5â10 cm and 25â30 cm depth. The
parameters studied were: erodibility, water logging, soil structure and slaking, colour,
porosity, plough pan, organic carbon content, penetration resistance and amount of
earthworms. The study revealed slightly better soil quality under no-tillage by visual
assessment. In most cases laboratory analyses confirmed these results. Structural
distribution was better by ploughing compared with no tillage. However, fine aggregate
(0.25â2 mm) stability was higher under no-tillage compared with ploughing. There
were no significant differences in number of earthworms between practices.Uurimistööd on toetanud Euroopa Liidu Horizont 2020 teaduse ja innovatsiooni grant Nr 635750 iSQAPER
Field management and fertilisation effect on earthworm communities
KÀesoleva bakalaureusetöö eesmÀrk oli uurida, kuidas kasvatatavad kultuurid, talvised
vahekultuurid ja kasutatud taimekaitsevahendid mÔjutavad vihmausside arvukust, biomassi
ja liigirikkust mahe- ja tavaviljeluslikus 5-vĂ€ljalises kĂŒlvikorras. Saadud tulemusi vĂ”rreldi
varasemalt kirjandusest vÀlja toodud katsete tulemustega. Katse on rajatud 2008. aastal
Tartumaale Eerikale, millelt vihmaussid koguti 2014. aastal. Katsevariandid jagunesid
jĂ€rgnevalt: Tava 0 â tavaviljeluses kontrollvariant, kus teostati taimekaitsetöid; Tava 150 â
intensiivselt vĂ€etatud (N150P25K95) ja kasutati samuti taimekaitsevahendeid; Mahe 0 â
maheviljeluse kontroll (vahekultuurideta); Mahe I â talvised vahekultuurid haljasvĂ€etisena;
Mahe II â vahekultuurid koos sĂ”nnikuga. KĂŒlvikorras olid punane ristik âVarteâ â oder
âAnniâ punase ristiku allakĂŒlviga â kartul âMaretâ â hernes âTudorâ â talinisu âFredisâ.
Vihmaussid koguti 2014. aasta juunikuu alguses ja septembri keskpaigas kÀsitsi kaevetest
mÔÔtudega 40 x 40 cm ja 20 cm sĂŒgavuselt kahes korduses. MÀÀrati vihmausside arvukus,
biomass ja sugukĂŒpsetel isenditel liik. Kokku leiti kuus vihmaussiliiki, kellest
dominantliigiks oli harilik mullauss (Aporrectodea caliginosa). Juveniilsete vihmausside,
kelle liiki ei olnud vĂ”imalik mÀÀrata, osakaal koosluses oli suve alguses 58% ja sĂŒgisel 46%.
Töö tulemusena selgus, et kasvatatavatest kultuuridest omasid positiivset mÔju vihmausside
arvukusele ja biomassile punane ristik ja hernes. Vihmausside vÀikseim arvukus ja mass oli
kartuli ja ristiku allakĂŒlviga odra kasvatamisel. Talviste vahekultuuride kasvatamine
haljasvÀetisena mÔjus vihmaussidele soodsalt, suurendades nende arvukust ~ 17% ning
biomassi ja mitmekesisust ~ 8% vÔrra vÔrreldes variandiga, kus vahekultuure ei kasvatatud.
Tava- ja maheviljeluse kontrolllappide vÔrdluse tulemusena leiti rohkem vihmausse
maheviljeluses olevalt alalt, mis nÀitas, et taimekaitsevahenditel oli negatiivne mÔju
vihmausside arvukusele ja biomassile.The aim of the present thesis was to study how crops, cover crops growth and pesticides use
influenced the abundance, biomass and variety of earthworms in organic and conventional
farming in five field crop rotation. The results were compared with the earlier studies found in
literature. The field experiment was established at Eerika in Tartu County in 2008 and the
earthworms were collected in 2014. The treatments were as follows: Conventional 0 â
conventional farming control plot where pesticides were used; Conventional 150 â intensive
fertilisation (N150P25K95) and pesticides used; Organic 0 â organic farming control plot; Organic
I â cover crops as green fertilisers; Organic II â cover crops and manure (40 t per ha-1
on
average per rotation) used. The crops in the rotation were: red clover Varte, barley Anni with
red clover undersowing, potato Maret, pea Tudor, winter wheat Fredis. In the plots Organic I
and Organic II a mixture of rye and turnip rape was used as the cover crops after harvesting
winter wheat, after harvesting pea, turnip rape was sown and after potato rye was used. The
earthworms were collected by hand from the pits with measures 40 by 40 cm from the depth of
20 cm twice at the beginning of June and in the middle of September. The abundance, biomass
and species of mature individuals were determined. Altogether 6 species were found, the
dominant species was the common earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa. The amount of
juvenile earthworms which species was not possible to identify was 58% at the beginning of
summer and 46% in autumn. The result of the study revealed that red clover and pea had a
positive effect on the abundance and biomass of the earthworms. The lowest number and mass
of earthworms was in the plots with potato and barley with clover undersowing. Winter cover
crops as green fertiliser had a favourable effect on earthworms increasing their abundance by ~
17%, and biomass and number of species by ~ 8% compared to the plot where cover crops were
not grown. When comparing conventional and organic farming control plots, more earthworms
were found in the organic plot, which showed that pesticides had a negative effect on the
abundance and biomass of the earthworms
Fertilization and field crops effect on earthworms
Soil quality can be estimated through soil chemical, physical and biological properties, from which the detection of biological indicators is the most difficult. Usually the earthworms are the easiest detectable species to evaluate sustainability of soil biota on arable land
Winter cover crop effects on soil structural stability and microbiological activity in organic farming
In a field experiment based on a five-year crop rotation (pea, potato, barley undersown with red clover, red clover and winter wheat), several soil parameters, porosity, number and biomass of earthworms, total nitrogen, organic carbon, percentage of water stable aggregates and enzymatic activity, were studied during 2013 and 2014, the first and second year, respectively, since the first rotation concluded. This rotation was managed under three organic farming systems: Organic 0 (control), Organic I (with winter cover crops lately incorporated into the soil as green manure) and
Organic II (with the same cover crops plus a yearly amendment of 40 t haâ1 of cattle manure). Crop rotation had a yearly positive effect on the soil bulk density, and enhanced the percentage of air filled pores; nonetheless, despite the leguminous crops in the rotation, all the systems presented a yearly decrease in total nitrogen in 2014. Cover crops along with manure only had a significant effect on enzymatic activity; however no significant effect was found in soil organic carbon content, soil particle aggregability or number
and biomass of earthworms. This was connected with the intensive tillage carried out in the systems, the weather conditions and the characteristics of the organic amendments. However according to other studies these results could be transient and further long-term investigations will be needed