24 research outputs found
The assessment of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the haemodynamic changes and platelet aggragation on gastric mucosal blood flow in rats
published_or_final_versio
Isolated Hepatic Tuberculosis Presenting as Cystic-Like and Tumour-Like Mass Lesions
Hepatic tuberculosis is a rare manifestation of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Hepatic tuberculous lesions are especially mimicking tumour-like mass or cystic lesions in the liver and so can be misdiagnosed with several diseases. Histopathological examination of the specimen is essential in the diagnosis for hepatic tuberculosis. In this report, two cases with hepatic tuberculosis having cystic solid mass and abscess liver lesions are described
Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study
Summary
Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally.
Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies
have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of
the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income
countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality.
Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to
hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis,
exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a
minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical
status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary
intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause,
in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status.
We did a complete case analysis.
Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital
diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal
malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome
countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male.
Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3).
Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income
countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups).
Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome
countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries;
p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients
combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11],
p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20
[1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention
(ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety
checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed
(ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of
parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65
[0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality.
Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome,
middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will
be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger
than 5 years by 2030
A study of the antiulcer mechanisms of propranolol in rats
Although propranolol has been shown to protect against ethanol and stress ulceration, the antiulcer mechanisms are still unclear. The present study examined the antiulcer mechanisms of propranolol in three different types of ulceration induced respectively by ethanol (60%), indomethacin (30 mg/kg) and stress (cold-restraint). Propranolol pretreatment in the highest dose (10 mg/kg) given either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or orally (p.o.) prevented gastric mucosal damage in these three ulcer models. The three doses of the drug (2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased systemic blood pressure which was accompanied by a reduction of gastric mucosal blood flow. These findings suggest that the protection was unrelated to an improvement of local circulation in the stomach. However, propranolol preserved the mucus levels in the three types of ulcer models. The beta-adrenoceptor blocker also increased the basal gastric mucosal potential difference. These findings indicate that propranolol strengthens the mucosal barrier by the preservation of mucosal mucus and enhancement of the mucosal integrity in the stomach
A mechanistic study of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on ethanol-induced gastric damage
The β-adrenoceptor subtypes and the roles of myeloperoxidase and prostaglandin E2 in the anti-ulcer effect of β-adrenoceptor antagonists were studied. A non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol, or selective β-adrenoceptor antagonists, metoprolol (a β1-adrenoceptor antagonist) or butoxamine (a β2-adrenoceptor antagonist) were used. Propranolol given either intraperitoneally or orally reduced ethanol-induced mucosal damage and myeloperoxidase activity. Oral administration of butoxamine produced similar effects. The blood neutrophil count was increased after ethanol administration and this was reversed by the two drugs. Metoprolol did not affect myeloperoxidase activity, neutrophil count and mucosal damage under these experimental conditions. Oral administration of propranolol or butoxamine increased mucosal prostaglandin E2 level. It is concluded that the inflammatory responses to ethanol, as indicated by neutrophil infiltration in gastric mucosa, can be specifically inhibited by drugs that block β2-adrenoceptors. This action would explain in part why propranolol and butoxamine but not metoprolol lessened gastric damage. In addition, oral administration of propranolol and butoxamine increased the mucosal prostaglandin E2 level, which could partially contribute to their anti-ulcer effects
Evidence for potential application of zinc as an antidote to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity
The therapeutic application of zinc sulphate as an antidote to acetaminophen overdose was examined in ICR mice. Hepatotoxicity was induced by a single oral dose of acetaminophen (750 mg/kg). Various treatments (normal saline, 15 or 30 mg/kg zinc sulphate, 150 mg/kg N-acetylcysteine, 15 mg/kg zinc sulphate + 150 mg/kg N-acetylcysteine) were given i.p. 1 h after acetaminophen overdose. Serum alanine aminotransferase, hepatic glutathione and malondialdehyde levels were measured before experiments and at various intervals after the administration of acetaminophen. Serum acetaminophen levels were also measured at different time intervals. Zinc sulphate showed protection by dose-dependently reducing alanine aminotransferase and malondialdehyde levels. The drug also partially prevented the depletion of hepatic glutathione. These effects were not as good as those of N-acetylcysteine. However, the combination of zinc sulphate with N-acetylcysteine produced even better protective effects. Furthermore, drug treatments did not affect serum acetaminophen levels. It is concluded that both drugs attenuate acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity, and the action is likely to be mediated through replenishment of hepatic glutathione levels. The use of zinc sulphate alone or in combination with N-acetylcysteine could be another alternative for the treatment of acetaminophen overdose in view of possible side effects produced by N-acetylcysteine.link_to_subscribed_fulltex
The cytoprotective action of metronidazole in rats stomachs
We demonstrated that amoxiciUin imparted gastric cytoprotection
when ~dministered before the fat stomachs were challenged
by ethanol (J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1994, 9:514-8). This study was
performed to evaluate if metronidazole has a similar protective
property.
Sprague-Dawiey rats (230-250 g) were used for these
experiments. These animals were fasted for 24 hrs before metronidazole
(5 or 10 mg/kg) or its vehicle (controls) administered via the oral or
intraperitoneal route before ethanol (40%, v/v 10 ml/kg) or
~domethaein (30 mg/kg) ingestion. The severity ofmucosal lesions was
assessed by measuring the lesion areas and the intramucosal mucus
thickness was determined by the histochemical method. An ex-vivo
gastric chamber was used to measure the changes in basal mucosal
blood flow (the laser-Doppler method) with the same doses of
metronidazole. Finally, the direct cytoprotective effect of the drug was
assessed by the viability and lactate dehydrogenase release from an
o isolated gland preparation after ethanol (10'A, v/v) incubation.
Metronidazole pretreatment by either route markedly prevented
ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury by 4-5 folds. Similar protection
was observed in the indomethacin-treated animals, indicating that the
antiulcer action was unlikely to be prostaglandin-mediated. The drug
did not affect the gastric intramucosal mucus thickness or the basal
mucosal blood flow. Metronidazole preincubation (10 "~ or 10 .4 M)
significantly attenuated the damaging effect of ethanol on the viability
of isolated glands (from 80% to 92%), and there was also a parallel
significant reduction (3 folds) in lactate dehydrogenase release from the
gland preparation.
It is concluded that metronidazole prevents ethanol-induced
mucosal lesions by a direct cytoprotective action on the gastric
glandular mucosa.link_to_subscribed_fulltex