11 research outputs found

    Sensitivity of the human auditory cortex to acoustic degradation of speech and non-speech sounds

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    The perception of speech is usually an effortless and reliable process even in highly adverse listening conditions. In addition to external sound sources, the intelligibility of speech can be reduced by degradation of the structure of speech signal itself, for example by digital compression of sound. This kind of distortion may be even more detrimental to speech intelligibility than external distortion, given that the auditory system will not be able to utilize sound source-specific acoustic features, such as spatial location, to separate the distortion from the speech signal. The perceptual consequences of acoustic distortions on speech intelligibility have been extensively studied. However, the cortical mechanisms of speech perception in adverse listening conditions are not well known at present, particularly in situations where the speech signal itself is distorted. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the cortical mechanisms underlying speech perception in conditions where speech is less intelligible due to external distortion or as a result of digital compression. In the studies of this thesis, the intelligibility of speech was varied either by digital compression or addition of stochastic noise. Cortical activity related to the speech stimuli was measured using magnetoencephalography (MEG). The results indicated that degradation of speech sounds by digital compression enhanced the evoked responses originating from the auditory cortex, whereas addition of stochastic noise did not modulate the cortical responses. Furthermore, it was shown that if the distortion was presented continuously in the background, the transient activity of auditory cortex was delayed. On the perceptual level, digital compression reduced the comprehensibility of speech more than additive stochastic noise. In addition, it was also demonstrated that prior knowledge of speech content enhanced the intelligibility of distorted speech substantially, and this perceptual change was associated with an increase in cortical activity within several regions adjacent to auditory cortex. In conclusion, the results of this thesis show that the auditory cortex is very sensitive to the acoustic features of the distortion, while at later processing stages, several cortical areas reflect the intelligibility of speech. These findings suggest that the auditory system rapidly adapts to the variability of the auditory environment, and can efficiently utilize previous knowledge of speech content in deciphering acoustically degraded speech signals.Puheen havaitseminen on useimmiten vaivatonta ja luotettavaa myös erittÀin huonoissa kuunteluolosuhteissa. Puheen ymmÀrrettÀvyys voi kuitenkin heikentyÀ ympÀristön hÀiriölÀhteiden lisÀksi myös silloin, kun puhesignaalin rakennetta muutetaan esimerkiksi pakkaamalla digitaalista ÀÀntÀ. TÀllainen hÀiriö voi heikentÀÀ ymmÀrrettÀvyyttÀ jopa ulkoisia hÀiriöitÀ voimakkaammin, koska kuulojÀrjestelmÀ ei pysty hyödyntÀmÀÀn ÀÀnilÀhteen ominaisuuksia, kuten ÀÀnen tulosuuntaa, hÀiriön erottelemisessa puheesta. Akustisten hÀiriöiden vaikutuksia puheen havaitsemiseen on tutkttu laajalti, mutta havaitsemiseen liittyvÀt aivomekanismit tunnetaan edelleen melko puutteelisesti etenkin tilanteissa, joissa itse puhesignaali on laadultaan heikentynyt. TÀmÀn vÀitöskirjan tavoitteena oli tutkia puheen havaitsemisen aivomekanismeja tilanteissa, joissa puhesignaali on vaikeammin ymmÀrrettÀvissÀ joko ulkoisen ÀÀnilÀhteen tai digitaalisen pakkauksen vuoksi. VÀitöskirjan neljÀssÀ osatutkimuksessa lyhyiden puheÀÀnien ja jatkuvan puheen ymmÀrrettÀvyyttÀ muokattiin joko digitaalisen pakkauksen kautta tai lisÀÀmÀllÀ puhesignaaliin satunnaiskohinaa. PuheÀrsykkeisiin liittyvÀÀ aivotoimintaa tutkittiin magnetoenkefalografia-mittauksilla. Tutkimuksissa havaittiin, ettÀ kuuloaivokuorella syntyneet herÀtevasteet voimistuivat, kun puheÀÀntÀ pakattiin digitaalisesti. Sen sijaan puheÀÀniin lisÀtty satunnaiskohina ei vaikuttanut herÀtevasteisiin. Edelleen, mikÀli puheÀÀnien taustalla esitettiin jatkuvaa hÀiriötÀ, kuuloaivokuoren aktivoituminen viivÀstyi hÀiriön intensiteetin kasvaessa. Kuuntelukokeissa havaittiin, ettÀ digitaalinen pakkaus heikentÀÀ puheÀÀnien ymmÀrrettÀvyyttÀ voimakkaammin kuin satunnaiskohina. LisÀksi osoitettiin, ettÀ aiempi tieto puheen sisÀllöstÀ paransi merkittÀvÀsti hÀiriöisen puheen ymmÀrrettÀvyyttÀ, mikÀ heijastui aivotoimintaan kuuloaivokuoren viereisillÀ aivoalueilla siten, ettÀ ymmÀrrettÀvÀ puhe aiheutti suuremman aktivaation kuin heikosti ymmÀrrettÀvÀ puhe. VÀitöskirjan tulokset osoittavat, ettÀ kuuloaivokuori on erittÀin herkkÀ puheÀÀnien akustisille hÀiriöille, ja myöhemmissÀ prosessoinnin vaiheissa useat kuuloaivokuoren viereiset aivoalueet heijastavat puheen ymmÀrrettÀvyyttÀ. Tulosten mukaan voi olettaa, ettÀ kuulojÀrjestelmÀ mukautuu nopeasti ÀÀniympÀristön vaihteluihin muun muassa hyödyntÀmÀllÀ aiempaa tietoa puheen sisÀllöstÀ tulkitessaan hÀiriöistÀ puhesignaalia

    ALTERNATIVE ROUTING STRATEGIES FOR ADJACENT CELLS IN MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS

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    The hexagonal shape of the cells in a mobile radio system is considered as an ideal model. In practice, the cells are not clearly defined but have FUZZY boundaries because of the statistical fluctuations in path losses. If a mobile is near a cell boundary, it may have adequate communication with more than one base station. The authors use this property as the basis for four proposed alternative routing strategies. These techniques are applied in a two-cell system, and their performance analysed in the light of information such as total traffic, number of channels per cell, proportion of flexible traffic, and imbalance of traffic between cells. The traffic process has been modelled by the Markov chain, and the results show that there is a substantial increase in capacity. The proposed strategies are compared with the directed retry and, in general, they seem to yield better results.142211512

    Time-Division Networks

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    Design of High-Speed Wireless Links Using Non-Directional Infrared Radiation

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    Women and men in the history of western cardiology: Some notes on their position as patients, role as investigational study subjects, and impact as professionals

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    Nowadays, it is generally appreciated that studies in the medical field should not only include sex-related aspects but also consider age. In the past, taking the era of Hippocrates as a starting point for the Western medical sciences, such aspects were less urgent and barely relevant. However, considering such details during daily life became increasingly important as the traditional roles of men and women in society and household converged. In the Western world, this fundamental transition process started recently and is advancing at an accelerated pace. Research about the role of women has also evolved, starting from plain history about the lives of women to a description of the relation between men and women, resulting in the gender concept. The present survey highlights a historical selection of observations referring to the impact of men and women on the medical sciences, as patient, study object, and professional. Whenever relevant, focus will be on the field of cardiovascular investigations as documented in the Western world. Rather than being exhaustive, we focus on a few remarkable icons, including Trota of Salerno, Hildegard von Bingen, and Miguel Serveto

    The accuracy of emergency weight estimation systems in children—a systematic review and meta-analysis

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