Techno-economic assessment and comparison of CO2 capture technologies for industrial processes: Preliminary results for the iron and steel sector

AbstractThis paper presents the methodology and the preliminary results of a techno-economic assessment of CCS implementation on the iron and steel sector. The results show that for the short-mid term, a CO2 avoidance cost of less than 50 € /tonne at a CO2 avoidance rate of around 50% are possible by converting the conventional blast furnace (BF) to Top Gas Recycling Blast Furnace (TGRBF). However, large additional power consumption for CO2 removal and oxygen generation, and reduction in BF gas export, makes the economic performance of the technology very sensitive to energy prices. Add-on CO2 capture for conventional BF may achieve similar costs (40–50 € /t CO2 avoided), but the CO2 avoidance rate will be only about 15% of the specific CO2 emissions. For the long term future, although there are large uncertainties, advanced CO2 capture technologies do not seem to have significant economic advantages over conventional technologies. The results also indicate that in a carbon-constrained society, when considering new plants, smelting reduction technologies such as the COREX process, may become a strong competitor to conventional blast furnace based steel making process when equipped with CO2 capture. Although conventional iron and steel making using BF is expected to dominate the market in the long term, strong need for drastic CO2 emissions reduction may drive the sector towards large scale implementation of advanced smelting reduction technologies

Monstrotyphis tosaensis (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Muricidae) collected from off-Satsuma Iōjima Island, northern Satsunan Islands, Japan

高知県土佐湾を模式産地として記載されたアッキガイ科のトサパイプヨウラクMonstrotyphis tosaensis（Azuma, 1960）が，鹿児島県薩摩硫黄島沖の水深239-240mより採集された。本種はこれまでに模式産地のほか和歌山県沖から記録されている。本報告は，この海域からの本種の採集初記録となる。The type locality of the family Muricidae Monstrotyphis tosaensis (Azuma, 1960) is listed as Tosa Bay, Kochi Prefecture, Japan. Specimens of the species have also been collected from off-Tanabe and off-Shionomisaki, both of Wakayama Prefecture, Japan (Azuma, 1960; Koyama, 1997). We hereby report that additional specimens of the species were newly collected from off- Satsuma Iōjima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, at the depths of 239-240 m. This finding records the southernmost occurrence of the species

Re-classification of the Apostichopus holothurians from Sagami Bay, central Japan

相模湾より得られたマナマコ属genus Apostichopus（Liao, 1980）を再検討した結果，これまでマナマコApostichopus japonicus（Selenka, 1867）とされていた種類には，真のマナマコApostichopus armata（Selenka, 1867）とアカナマコ Apostichopus japonicus（Selenka, 1867）の2種類が含まれている結果が得られた。この結果は，Kanno et al.（2003）により報告された遺伝的に異なる日本産Apostichopus属の2つの集団（アカとアオ・クロ）と一致する。We reviewed classifications of the sea cucumbers (holothurians) belonging to the genus Apostichopus Liao, 1980, collected from the Sagami Bay, central Japan. Detailed examinations have led to a conclusion that some of the specimens that had once been identified as Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) should be re-classified as Apostichopus armata (Selenka, 1867). This conclusion agrees with the report that the Japanese Apostichopus holothurians are divided into two major groups (Kanno et al., 2003)

New records of sea cucumbers collected from the Seto Inland Sea (Echinodermata, Holothuria, Dendrochirotida)

ヤマトゴカクナマコPentacta nipponensis（Clark, 1938）およびグミPseudocnus echinatus (von Marenzeller, 1881)を瀬戸内海芸予瀬戸および安芸津灘より採集した。これらの種は，これまでに瀬戸内海からの採集記録はなく，本報告は，この海域からの本種の採集初記録となる。Specimens of the holothurians Pentacta nipponensis (Clark, 1938) and Pseudocnus echinatus (von Marenzeller, 1881) were newly collected from Geiyo-Seto and Akitsu-Nada, both in the Seto Inland Sea. We hereby report these specimens as the first records of the occurences these species from the Seto Inland Sea

First record of Mollusks in the Japanes water that were collected from off Tanegashima Island

Jujubinus geographicus Poppe, Tagaro and Dekker, 2006（ニシキウズガイ科）およびGenotina genotae Vera-Peláez, 2004（マンジガイ科）が鹿児島県種子島沖の水深102m より採集された。これら2種はフィリピン周辺海域をタイプ産地として記載されており，これまでに日本周辺海域からの採集記録がないことから，日本初記録として報告する。We hereby report that the specimens of Jujubinus geographicus Poppe, Tagaro and Dekker, 2006 (Family Trochidae) and Genotina genotae Vera-Peláez, 2004 (Family Mangeliidae) were newly collected from off Tanegashima Island, at the depth of 102 m. The type locality of both species has been listed as the Philippines. This finding records the first occurrence of these species from the Japan water

Record of Lyonsia kawamurai Habe, 1952 collected from the Seto Inland Sea (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Lyonsiidae)

カワムラサザナミガイLyonsia kawamurai Habe, 1952が，瀬戸内海より採集された。本種の採集記録は少なく，タイプ産地の相模湾のほか，紀伊半島，若狭湾と新潟県からの報告があるのみである。瀬戸内海からの本種の採集は初記録であることから新たな分布記録として報告するSpecimens of Lyonsia kawamurai Habe, 1952 were collected from the Seto Inland Sea. The archived occurrences of this species have been recorded so far in Sagami Bay (type locality), Wakasa Bay, and off-Niigata. We hereby report that additional specimens were newly collected from the Seto Inland Sea

The G20 emission projections to 2030 improved since the Paris Agreement, but only slightly

Many years passed since the adoption of the Paris Agreement, which invites countries to determine their own contributions to climate change mitigation efforts. The Agreement does not offer a standard to measure progress but relies on a process of periodic stocktakes to inform ambition-raising cycles. To contribute to this process, we compare 2021 greenhouse gas emission projections up to 2030 against equivalent projections prepared back in 2015. Both sets of projections were prepared using the same bottom-up modelling approach that accounts for adopted policies at the time. We find that 2021 projections for the G20 as a group are almost 15% lower (approximately 6 GtCO2eq) in 2030 than projected in 2015. Annual emissions grow 1% slower in the coming decade than projected in 2015. This slower growth mostly stems from the adoption of new policies and updated expectations on technology uptake and economic growth. However, around one-quarter of these changes are explained by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on short-term emissions and economic forecasts. These factors combined result in substantially lower emission projections for India, the European Union plus the UK (EU27 + UK), the Unites States, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa. We observe a remarkable change in South African projections that changed from a substantial increase to now a decline, driven in part by the planned phase-out of most of its coal-based power. Emissions in India are projected to grow slower than in 2015 and in Indonesia faster, but emissions per capita in both countries remain below 5 tCO2eq in 2030, while those in the EU27 + UK decline faster than expected in 2015 and probably cross the 5 tCO2eq threshold before 2030. Projected emissions per capita in Australia, Canada, Saudi Arabia, and the United States are now lower than projected in 2015 but remain above 15 tCO2eq in 2030. Although emission projections for the G20 improved since 2015, collectively they still slightly increase until 2030 and remain insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement temperature goals. The G20 must urgently and drastically improve adopted policies and actions to limit the end-of-century warming to 1.5 °C

Record of Caudina similis (Augustin, 1908) collected from Hiuchi-Nada in the Seto Inland Sea (Holothuria, Molpadida, Caudinidae)

シロナマコモドキ（和名新称）Caudina similis (Augustin, 1908) が，瀬戸内海燧灘より採集された。本種はこれまで東京湾口浦賀水道，相模湾のほか，宮城県女川沖と中国黄海南部からの採集記録がある。瀬戸内からの本種の採集は初記録であることから，新たな分布記録として報告する。Three specimens of Caudina similis (Augustin, 1908) were collected from Hiuchi-Nada in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan. The archived occurences of this species have been reported so far in the Uraga Channel (Tokyo Bay), the Sagami Bay adjacent to Tokyo Bay, off Onagawa (Miyagi Prefecture, Japan) and the south Yellow Sea. We hereby report that additional specimens were newly collected from the Seto Inland Sea

Thyonidium diomedeae collected from the Seto Inland Sea (Echinodermata, Dendrochirotacea, Phyllophoridae)

北海道礼文島沖を模式産地として記載されたグミモドキ科のドロナマコThyonidium diomedeae（Ohshima, 1915）が，岡山県沖備讃瀬戸の水深11mの砂泥底より採集された。本種は，これまでに北日本および北アラスカより記録されている。本報告は本種の南限記録となる。Off-Rebun Island, Hokkaido, is listed as the type locality of Phyllophoridae Thyonidium diomedeae (Ohshima, 1915). Two specimens of Thyonidium diomedeae were collected from sand-and-silt bottom of Off-Okayama, Kibiseto in Seto Inland Sea, at the depth of 11m. Occurrence of the species has been reported only from northern Japan and northern Alaska, and this report revises the southern limit of the species distribution