Inflammation gene variants and susceptibility to albuminuria in the U.S. population: analysis in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1991-1994

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Albuminuria, a common marker of kidney damage, serves as an important predictive factor for the progression of kidney disease and for the development of cardiovascular disease. While the underlying etiology is unclear, chronic, low-grade inflammation is a suspected key factor. Genetic variants within genes involved in inflammatory processes may, therefore, contribute to the development of albuminuria.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We evaluated 60 polymorphisms within 27 inflammatory response genes in participants from the second phase (1991-1994) of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a population-based and nationally representative survey of the United States. Albuminuria was evaluated as logarithm-transformed albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), as ACR ≥ 30 mg/g, and as ACR above sex-specific thresholds. Multivariable linear regression and haplotype trend analyses were conducted to test for genetic associations in 5321 participants aged 20 years or older. Differences in allele and genotype distributions among non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans were tested in additive and codominant genetic models.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Variants in several genes were found to be marginally associated (uncorrected P value < 0.05) with log(ACR) in at least one race/ethnic group, but none remained significant in crude or fully-adjusted models when correcting for the false-discovery rate (FDR). In analyses of sex-specific albuminuria, <it>IL1B </it>(rs1143623) among Mexican Americans remained significantly associated with increased odds, while <it>IL1B </it>(rs1143623), <it>CRP </it>(rs1800947) and <it>NOS3 </it>(rs2070744) were significantly associated with ACR ≥ 30 mg/g in this population (additive models, FDR-P < 0.05). In contrast, no variants were found to be associated with albuminuria among non-Hispanic blacks after adjustment for multiple testing. The only variant among non-Hispanic whites significantly associated with any outcome was <it>TNF </it>rs1800750, which failed the test for Hardy-Weinberg proportions in this population. Haplotypes within <it>MBL2</it>, <it>CRP</it>, <it>ADRB2, IL4R</it>, <it>NOS3</it>, and <it>VDR </it>were significantly associated (FDR-P < 0.05) with log(ACR) or albuminuria in at least one race/ethnic group.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our findings suggest a small role for genetic variation within inflammation-related genes to the susceptibility to albuminuria. Additional studies are needed to further assess whether genetic variation in these, and untested, inflammation genes alter the susceptibility to kidney damage.</p

Minimization Of Pollutants Of Exhaust Gas From High Traffic Area & Industrial Sector By Using Exothermic Reaction

It is today undoubted that humans have to reduce their impact on the environment. IC engines, being the major power source in the transportation sector, play an important role in the man-made emissions. While the mobility in the world is growing, it is important to reduce the emissions that result from transportation, which are believed to be the main cause of global warming. Exhaust by fuel combustion contains toxic gases, various harmful pollutants mainly nitrogen oxides (NOX) and soot particles. These emissions are therefore limited by the authorities in most countries. In heavy traffic area and in industrial sector we find very high Pollution. This research work is carried out to minimize the pollution in our focused area. An unsteady state behaviour of gas absorption column for CO2-NaOH system was carried out using the arm field gas absorption column. A model equation was developed by considering material balance around the system. The concentrations of the inlet and outlet liquid streams and the gas outlet stream varied as functions of time. By Experimental analysis, the percentage of pollutants from exhaust gas is minimized. The test conducted for the duration of 90 minutes showed that 0.2 gram mole/litre of NaOH solution reacts with CO2 to give 0.1 gram mole/litre of Na2CO3.This clearly shows that the results of experiments conducted are in agreement with the model results