小・中学生の言語連想における性差 : 形容詞・動詞に対する反応語の分析(人文・社会科学篇)

Continued from our previous report (1980), word association responces for 19 adjective words and 17 verb words were analyzed for sex differences. Each word was given orally at every class and subjects (about 1600 primary school children-1st to 6 th grade-and 260 pupils of lower secondary schools-2nd grade-) gave two different word responces. As well as in the previous report, generally the larger commonality was found in female responses: for verb stimulus, female subjects gave significantly higher percentages in popular responces than male subjects, but for adjective stimulus the same clear tendency was not found. Sex differences in paradigmatic responces were confirmed: male subjects tended to give more paradigmatic responces for noun, adjective and verb stimulus than female subjects. Contents of responces were also different in both sexes

Socioeconomic inequalities in low back pain among older people: the JAGES cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Low back pain is an important public health issue across the world. However, it is unclear whether socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with low back pain. This study determines an association between SES and low back pain among older people. Methods We used cross-sectional data derived from the year 2013 across 30 Japanese municipalities. The survey was conducted between October 2013 to December 2013. Functionally independent community-dwelling older adults aged 65 and above (n = 26,037) were eligible for the study. Multilevel Poisson regression analysis with a robust variance estimator was used to examine the association between SES and low back pain. Self-reported low back pain in the past year was used as a dependent variable. Educational attainment, past occupation, equivalized household income, wealth, and subjective economic situation represented SES and were separately analyzed as independent variables, adjusted for covariates including age and sex. Results The prevalence of low back pain was 63.4%. Overall, lower SES were more likely to suffer from low back pain compared with that for the highest. First, as for the educational attainment, the prevalence ratio (PR) (95% credible interval (CI)) for the lowest level was 1.07 (1.02–1.12). Second, as for the past occupation, the PR (95% CI) for the blue-collared workers compared with professionals was 1.06 (1.01–1.11). Third, as for the equalized household income, the PRs (95% CI) for lower middle and the lowest income levels were 1.08 (1.02–1.13) and 1.16 (1.10–1.23), respectively. Fourth, as for the wealth, the PRs (95% CI) for lower middle and the lowest wealth levels were 1.11 (1.04–1.19) and 1.18 (1.11–1.27), respectively. Fifth, as for the subjective economic situation, the PRs (95% CI) for lower middle and the lowest financial conditions were 1.18 (1.10–1.26) and 1.32 (1.22–1.44), respectively. Conclusions Significant socioeconomic inequalities were observed in low back pain among older individuals in Japan. Policymakers and clinicians must understand the nature of these inequalities

小・中学生の言語連想における性差 : 名詞に対する反応語の分析(人文・社会科学篇)

Word association responses for 17 noun words were analyzed for sex differences. Each noun word was given orally at every class and subjects (about 1600 primary school children-1st to 6th grade-and 260 pupils of lower secondary schools-2nd grade-) gave two different word responses. The larger commonality was found in female responses : female subjects gave significantly higher percentages in popular responses than male subjects. Sex differences were found in the parts of speech. While females were accelerated in giving adjectival responses, males were somewhat accelerated in giving verbs. Eurthermore, there found increase of sex differences in both sexes