Monitoring moisture content for various kind of tea leaves in drying processes using rf reflectometer-sensor system

This paper presents tea leaves moisture monitoring system based on RF reflectometry techniques. The system was divided into two parts which are the sensor and reflectometer parts. The large coaxial probe was used as a sensor for the system. The reflectometer part plays a role as signal generator and also data acquisition. The reflectometer-sensor system was operated with a graphical user interface at 1.529 GHz at room temperature. The system was able to measure the moisture content of tea leaves ranging 0% m.c to 50% m.c on a wet basis. In this study, up to five kinds of tea leaves bulk were tested. The mean of absolute errors in the moisture measurement for tea leaves was ±2

A preliminary result on electrical capacitance tomography for gas-solid flow in pneumatic conveyor system

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is categorized as a soft-field sensor which is non-invasive and non-intrusive instrument that can provide the visualization of cross-sectional distribution of any kind of multiphase flow. ECT would help in understanding the gas-solid flow interaction. This research is conducted to overcome some difficulties in measurement of gas-solid flows that exist in multiphase flows in pipelines or vessels such as the sedimentation of the solid and the velocity of the solid particles. Hence, the characterization of gas-solid two-phase flow by implementing an ECT system is necessary. Three objectives are set for this research which are the determination of an optimum frequency and amplitude for capacitance measurement of Poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) material by ECT system, the determination of the average solid velocity in gas-solid two-phase flow through cross-correlation method using Parseval’s theorem, and image reconstruction based on eight ECT sensors using Linear Back Projection (LBP) algorithm. This paper concise the theory of ECT system, existing works, proposed methodology, and the expected results

Investigation of solid velocity measurement using single-plane versus dual-plane of electrical capacitance tomography for coal power plant application

Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) is a visualization tomographic modality that provides cross-sectional distribution information of any kind of multiphase flow. The paper aims to overcome the problems in the coal power plant which are sedimentation of pulverised coal in the piping system before entering boiler system and non-uniform of its velocity. A single plane and dual-plane experiment were carried out to measure the solid velocity of PMMA material. Eight electrodes for each plane was implemented in this research. The single plane ECT system was able to determine the average axial velocity of the PMMA ball as it can be applied manually if there is no expensive software was implemented. Besides, the velocity measurement using dual-plane ECT sensor through the application of Parseval’s theorem and adaptation of parabolic fit interpolation method showed accurate results with the highest percentage error of 1.94%

Gas-solid two-phase flow of pulverized coal by ECT: a review

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a non-intrusive and non-invasive internal visualization tool that facilitates improved quantification by producing cross-sectional distribution information for any kind of multiphase flow. In a coal-fired power station, there are some concerning issues such as the sedimentation of pulverized coal in the piping system before it reaches the boiler system and the non-uniformity of its velocity, which contributes to a reduction in electricity generation and higher carbon dioxide emissions. The aim of this paper is to provide a review based on various research works on pulverized coal that utilized ECT system. This paper also consists of principle of ECT, image reconstruction, and velocity measurement. Further research and works will be executed based on the preliminary data gained to improve the existing works

Women with endometriosis have higher comorbidities: Analysis of domestic data in Taiwan

AbstractEndometriosis, defined by the presence of viable extrauterine endometrial glands and stroma, can grow or bleed cyclically, and possesses characteristics including a destructive, invasive, and metastatic nature. Since endometriosis may result in pelvic inflammation, adhesion, chronic pain, and infertility, and can progress to biologically malignant tumors, it is a long-term major health issue in women of reproductive age. In this review, we analyze the Taiwan domestic research addressing associations between endometriosis and other diseases. Concerning malignant tumors, we identified four studies on the links between endometriosis and ovarian cancer, one on breast cancer, two on endometrial cancer, one on colorectal cancer, and one on other malignancies, as well as one on associations between endometriosis and irritable bowel syndrome, one on links with migraine headache, three on links with pelvic inflammatory diseases, four on links with infertility, four on links with obesity, four on links with chronic liver disease, four on links with rheumatoid arthritis, four on links with chronic renal disease, five on links with diabetes mellitus, and five on links with cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc.). The data available to date support that women with endometriosis might be at risk of some chronic illnesses and certain malignancies, although we consider the evidence for some comorbidities to be of low quality, for example, the association between colon cancer and adenomyosis/endometriosis. We still believe that the risk of comorbidity might be higher in women with endometriosis than that we supposed before. More research is needed to determine whether women with endometriosis are really at risk of these comorbidities

Optical tomography imaging in pneumatic conveyor

This paper describes the development of a tomographic system by employing optical sensors using low cost approach. The final aim of this project is achieving real-time monitoring of solid particles having low concentration flow when conveyed in vertical pneumatic conveyor. The developed tomography system consists of 32 pairs of Light Emitting Diode (LED) and silicon PIN photodiode. These sensors are used to monitor the emitted radiation for fluctuations caused by particles interfering with the beam when passing through it. A good design of sensor fixture may increase the collimating of light beam from a light source that passes through a flow regime. The obtained information from sensors provided the cross-sectional material distribution in conveyor. By using this information, the relationships between particle distribution and light attenuation effects are investigated by using computer programming to reconstruct the image. The results obtained from this investigation shows that the low cost optical sensors are suitable for monitoring low and medium concentration flowing materials. Optical sensors provide an opportunity to design sensors with a very wide bandwidth, thus enabling the measurement of high speed flowing particles or droplets

Ethernet Based Optical Tomography System

Optical Tomography Is One Of The Methods Of Process Tomography, Which Is Less Expensive, Has A Better Dynamic Response And Is More Portable For Routine Use In Process Plant Than Other Radiation-Based Tomographic Methods. The Main Objective Of This Research Is To Optimize The Performance Of The Optical Sensors By Increasing The Data Transfer Rate From Hardware To Personal Computer

Ultrasound tomography : preliminary result

This paper presents the initial result of an investigation into the application of ultrasonic sensors for a tomographic imaging system. Transmitters and receivers are mounted permanently on the inner part of the vertical flow pi pe. To overcome the problems of objects blocking each other, four pairs of sensors are used, mounted around the area of interest, and views from different angles are obtained. The results obtained show that the system is capable of detecting particle flow

Applying ultrasonic transmission-mode tomography in water/particles flow

Ultrasonic is the study of sound propagated at frequencies beyond the range of human audibility which is above 18 kHz. Ultrasonic techniques are very widely used for the detection of internal defects in materials, but they can also be used for the detection of small cracks. Ultrasonic is used for the quality control inspection of finished components. The techniques are also in regular use for the in-service testing of parts and assemblies [8]. The ultrasonic tomography consists of three types of sensing techniques namely the transmission-mode, reflection-mode and the diffraction-mode method [2,7]. It involves the application of noninvasive ultrasonic sensors to obtain the information in order to develop the concentration map of the dynamic characteristics of process vessels in industries. This information together with the concentration map will derive the result to the mass flow rate,which will then provide the quantity of flowing volume in process vessels[1,6]. In the study of tomography the physical principle of a sensing system depends on the reconstructed image of the cross sectional distribution of the constituent parameter. It is evaluated by arraying ultrasonic sensors non-invasively on the surface of the vessel. By using the electronic circuits to interface, the data captured can be processed and analyzed by the computer to reveal the information of the internal dynamic characteristics [3]