Soil thermal behavior in different moisture condition: an overview of ITER project from laboratory to field test monitoring

The thermal properties of soils can be considered one of the most important parameters for many engineering projects designing. In detail, the thermal conductivity plays a fundamental role when dimensioning ground heat exchangers, especially very shallow geothermal (VGS) systems, interesting the first 2 m of depth from the ground level. However, the determination of heat transfer in soils is difficult to estimate, because depends on several factors, including, among others, particle size, density, water content, mineralogy composition, ground temperature, organic matter. The performance of a VSG system, as horizontal collectors or special forms, is strongly correlated to the kind of sediment at disposal and suddenly decreases in case of dry-unsaturated conditions in the surrounding soil. Therefore, a better knowledge of the relationship between thermal conductivity and water content is required for understanding the VSG systems behavior in saturated and unsaturated conditions. Key challenge of ITER Project, funded by European Union, is to understand how to enhance the heat transfer of the sediments surrounding the pipes, taking into account the interactions between the soil, the horizontal heat exchangers and the surrounding environment. In order to obtain reliable data for modelling, an interdisciplinary approach is used. In laboratory the physical-thermal properties of more than 15 soil mixtures, consisting in (i) natural soil, (ii) pure sand and (iii) mixtures of pure sand and clay additives, have been tested under different water content percentages and different consolidation degree. Then the same parameters are monitored in the project case study, in Eltersdorf, (Germany), where five helix collectors are installed in horizontal trenches filled in with five different mixtures already tested in laboratory. In addition, a monitoring system allows to record every 15 minutes, by means of devoted sensors, values related to ground temperature (undisturbed, inside and outside each helix), fluid temperature and flow running in the collectors, volumetric water content at 20 and 60 cm depth. Moreover, a meteorological station provides climatic data acquisition as rainfall, wind speed, relative humidity and air temperature. The main results achieved until now are useful for future modeling because shed new light (i) on the differences between data collected in laboratory and in the field and (ii) on the influence of the technical solution adopted in situ to fill in the trenches, able to create a non-homogeneous distribution of the soil bodies around the helix.Abstract 5th International Conference Novel Methods for Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring: From Theory to Practice, NovCare 2017, Dresden, Germany, 06-09.06.201

Methane emissions from permafrost thaw lakes limited by lake drainage.

Thaw lakes in permafrost areas are sources of the strong greenhouse gas methane. They develop mostly in sedimentary lowlands with permafrost and a high excess ground ice volume, resulting in large areas covered with lakes and drained thaw-lake basins (DTLBs; refs,). Their expansion is enhanced by climate warming, which boosts methane emission and contributes a positive feedback to future climate change. Modelling of thaw-lake growth is necessary to quantify this feedback. Here, we present a two-dimensional landscape-scale model that includes the entire life cycle of thaw lakes; initiation, expansion, drainage and eventual re-initiation. Application of our model to past and future lake expansion in northern Siberia shows that lake drainage strongly limits lake expansion, even under conditions of continuous permafrost. Our results suggest that methane emissions from thaw lakes in Siberia are an order of magnitude less alarming than previously suggested, although predicted lake expansion will still profoundly affect permafrost ecosystems and infrastructure. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited

Greenhouse gas emissions from diverse Arctic Alaskan lakes are dominated by young carbon

© 2018 The Author(s). Climate-sensitive Arctic lakes have been identified as conduits for ancient permafrost-carbon (C) emissions and as such accelerate warming. However, the environmental factors that control emission pathways and their sources are unclear; this complicates upscaling, forecasting and climate-impact-assessment efforts. Here we show that current whole-lake CH4 and CO2 emissions from widespread lakes in Arctic Alaska primarily originate from organic matter fixed within the past 3-4 millennia (modern to 3,300 ± 70 years before the present), and not from Pleistocene permafrost C. Furthermore, almost 100% of the annual diffusive C flux is emitted as CO2. Although the lakes mostly processed younger C (89 ± 3% of total C emissions), minor contributions from ancient C sources were two times greater in fine-textured versus coarse-textured Pleistocene sediments, which emphasizes the importance of the underlying geological substrate in current and future emissions. This spatially extensive survey considered the environmental and temporal variability necessary to monitor and forecast the fate of ancient permafrost C as Arctic warming progresses