The Effect of Exercise on Inflammatory Adipocytokines Action Related to Both Vascular Inflammation and metabolic Abnormalities

Adipose tissue is no longer considered to be an inert tissue functioning solely as an energy store, but is emerging as an important factor in the regulation of many pathological processes. Some of the soluble factors produced by adipose tissue are known as adipocytokine. Adipocytokine includes tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, heparin binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor. These adipocytokines are produced on other tissues as well as adipose tissue, and may contribute to the development of vascular diseases as well as of several obesity-induced metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus. Adiponectin has direct actions in liver, skeletal muscle and vasculature, with prominent roles to improve hepatic insulin sensitivity, increase fuel oxidation [via up-regulation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity] and decrease vascular inflammation. This review introduce about the associations between several adipocytokines with vascular inflammation and metabolic abnormalities. Then we discuss on the effects of exercise or physical activity on the improvement of these associations

Relationships of Metabolic Syndrome to Adipocytokine and C-reactive protein

The metabolic syndrome, as described by Reaven, is a combination of obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and hyperinsulinemia. All of the features described above are risk factors for atherosclerosis and therefore metabolic syndrome is considered to constitute a significant risk for coronary heart disease. The features of obesity being overweight and insulin resistance also provided a significant risk for developing type 2 diabetes. This review will focus on the relationship between metabolic syndrome and adipocytokine. In addition, the role of Oreactive protein (CRP) which is a newly established nontraditional cardiovascular risk factor will also be reviewed. It is well known that both adiponectin and leptin are related to both the glucose and lipid metabolism. A few of recent reports have recognized that adiponectin and CRP tend to demonstrate contrastive effects against insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. In fact, a reduction in the adiponectin level and an elevation in the CRP level in adipose tissue and plasma have also been suggested to possibly contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. A few epidemiological studies have tried to determine whether the CRP levels are associated with the number of metabolic disorders. A prospective study showed that the subjects with metabolic syndrome who also have a high fitness level tend to demonstrate markedly lower CRP concentrations than similar subject with a low fitness level. Therefore, a high fitness level may improve metabolic disorders such as metabolic syndrome, a excess secretion of adipocytokine such as a low level of adiponectin and a high level both leptin and CRP. However, most of the studies focusing on these associations have used indirect indexes such as the physical activity based on self-reports and the body mass index calculated by weight/height2. As a result, further studies are called for to elucidate such methodological problems as including measuring physical fitness level and the degree of visceral fat accumulation among the general population

Contribution of the oxygen uptake at the double product-break point to metabolic syndrome in male patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. : Endurance fitness and metabolic syndrome

The maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max), a maximal-endurance fitness (EF) measure is associated with the metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). The contribution of submaximal EF to MS is still not known. This report describes the contribution of submaximal EF, which is characterized by the oxygen uptake corresponding to the double product-break point(VO_2 at the DPBP) on the prevalence of MS in newly diagnosed type 2 DM. The subjects of this cross-sectional study were 90 Japanese male patients with newly diagnosed type 2 DM (aged 53.0 ± 11.7 years) who had not been under any intervention (pharmaco-, diet-, and exercise therapy). VO_2 at the DPBP was measured by ramp exercise test. MS was defined by the NCEP-ATP III criteria modified by Japanese-specific waist circumference. The patients were classified into two groups based on their VO_2 at the DPBP (Low and High). Logistic regression models were applied with the high fitness group as a reference. The results showed a correlation between VO_2 at the DPBP and VO_2max (r=0.28; p=0.01). The age-adjusted VO_2 at the DPBP was related to MS with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.58 and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.07-6.25 in the Low group. The OR became non-significant after further adjustment for the visceral fat area (VFA; OR=2.03, 95% CI, 0.74-5.62 in the Low group). Similar results were observed between VO_2max and the prevalence of MS. This cross-sectional analysis demonstrated that VO_2 at the DPBP and VO_2max contributed to the prevalence of MS, but VFA cancelled out both associations. Intervention or prospective study is needed to elucidate the relative contribution of EF or VFA to MS

Free-living physical activity in a general Japanese population : the Hisayama Study

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the free-living physical activities using accelerometer in a general Japanese population. Methods: The 2066 participants attached accelerometer for more than 7 days. We analyzed the data from 767 men and 1111 women ≧20 yr (mean age = 64±12 yr) whose physical activity data were available. The mean walking steps, metabolic equivalent tasks (METs)・hours express as Exercise (Ex), and the energy expenditure of free-living physical activity were calculated. Results: The mean daily walking steps and energy expenditure were 6499.4±3476.5 steps and 2186.7±347.2 kcal in men and 6061.1±2936.7 steps and 1770.8±292.4 kcal in women (p<0.01, respectively). The daily Ex for walking in men (201.7±121.2 Ex) was significantly higher than that in women (115.5±69.4 Ex, p<0.01). On the other hand, the daily Ex for other physical activity in men (433.8±137.0 Ex) was significantly lower than that in women (461.2±127.4 Ex, p<0.01). All measurements were significantly decreased with aging, especially in 70 and 80 age groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Free-living physical activities significantly differ among sex or age groups. Additional studies using accelerometer are needed to demonstrate the relationship between physical activities and several lifestyle-related diseases in a general Japanese population

日本人一般住民における身体活動量の実態 : 久山町研究

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the free-living physical activities using accelerometer in a general Japanese population. Methods: The 2066 participants attached accelerometer for more than 7 days. We analyzed the data from 767 men and 1111 women ≧20 yr (mean age = 64±12 yr) whose physical activity data were available. The mean walking steps, metabolic equivalent tasks (METs)・hours express as Exercise (Ex), and the energy expenditure of free-living physical activity were calculated. Results: The mean daily walking steps and energy expenditure were 6499.4±3476.5 steps and 2186.7±347.2 kcal in men and 6061.1±2936.7 steps and 1770.8±292.4 kcal in women (p<0.01, respectively). The daily Ex for walking in men (201.7±121.2 Ex) was significantly higher than that in women (115.5±69.4 Ex, p<0.01). On the other hand, the daily Ex for other physical activity in men (433.8±137.0 Ex) was significantly lower than that in women (461.2±127.4 Ex, p<0.01). All measurements were significantly decreased with aging, especially in 70 and 80 age groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Free-living physical activities significantly differ among sex or age groups. Additional studies using accelerometer are needed to demonstrate the relationship between physical activities and several lifestyle-related diseases in a general Japanese population