1,834 research outputs found
Use of single-chain antibody derivatives for targeted drug delivery
Single-chain antibodies (scFvs), which contain only the variable domains of full-length antibodies, are relatively small molecules that can be used for selective drug delivery. In this review, we discuss how scFvs help improve the specificity and efficiency of drugs. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery using scFv-drug fusion peptides, siRNA delivery using scFv-conjugated nanoparticles, targeted delivery using scFv-viral peptide-fusion proteins, use of scFv in fusion with cell-penetrating peptides for effective targeted drug delivery, scFv-mediated targeted delivery of inorganic nanoparticles, scFv-mediated increase of tumor killing activity of granulocytes, use of scFv for tumor imaging, site-directed conjugation of scFv molecules to drug carrier systems, use of scFv to relieve pain and use of scFv for increasing drug loading efficiency are among the topics that are discussed here. © 2016, University of Michigan. All rights reserved
Quantum variational measurement in the next generation gravitational-wave detectors
A relatively simple method of overcoming the Standard Quantum Limit in the
next-generation Advanced LIGO gravitational wave detector is considered. It is
based on the quantum variational measurement with a single short (a few tens of
meters) filter cavity. Estimates show that this method allows to reduce the
radiation pressure noise at low frequencies () to the level
comparable with or smaller than the low-frequency noises of non-quantum origin
(mirrors suspension noise, mirrors internal thermal noise, and gravity
gradients fluctuations).Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures; NSNS SNR estimates added; misprints correcte
Increasing future gravitational-wave detectors sensitivity by means of amplitude filter cavities and quantum entanglement
The future laser interferometric gravitational-wave detectors sensitivity can
be improved using squeezed light. In particular, recently a scheme which uses
the optical field with frequency dependent squeeze factor, prepared by means of
a relatively short (~30 m) amplitude filter cavity, was proposed
\cite{Corbitt2004-3}. Here we consider an improved version of this scheme,
which allows to further reduce the quantum noise by exploiting the quantum
entanglement between the optical fields at the filter cavity two ports.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure
Optimal configurations of filter cavity in future gravitational-wave detectors
Sensitivity of future laser interferometric gravitational-wave detectors can
be improved using squeezed light with frequency-dependent squeeze angle and/or
amplitude, which can be created using additional so-called filter cavities.
Here we compare performances of several variants of this scheme, proposed
during last years, assuming the case of a single relatively short (tens of
meters) filter cavity suitable for implementation already during the life cycle
of the second generation detectors, like Advanced LIGO. Using numerical
optimization, we show that the phase filtering scheme proposed by Kimble et al
[Phys.Rev.D 65, 022002 (2001)] looks as the best candidate for this scenario.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figure
To the practical design of the optical lever intracavity topology of gravitational-wave detectors
The QND intracavity topologies of gravitational-wave detectors proposed
several years ago allow, in principle, to obtain sensitivity significantly
better than the Standard Quantum Limit using relatively small anount of optical
pumping power. In this article we consider an improved more ``practical''
version of the optical lever intracavity scheme. It differs from the original
version by the symmetry which allows to suppress influence of the input light
amplitude fluctuation. In addition, it provides the means to inject optical
pumping inside the scheme without increase of optical losses.
We consider also sensitivity limitations imposed by the local meter which is
the key element of the intracavity topologies. Two variants of the local meter
are analyzed, which are based on the spectral variation measurement and on the
Discrete Sampling Variation Measurement, correspondingly. The former one, while
can not be considered as a candidate for a practical implementation, allows, in
principle, to obtain the best sensitivity and thus can be considered as an
ideal ``asymptotic case'' for all other schemes. The DSVM-based local meter can
be considered as a realistic scheme but its sensitivity, unfortunately, is by
far not so good just due to a couple of peculiar numeric factors specific for
this scheme.
From our point of view search of new methods of mechanical QND measurements
probably based on improved DSVM scheme or which combine the local meter with
the pondermotive squeezing technique, is necessary.Comment: 27 pages, 6 figure
Sub-SQL Sensitivity via Optical Rigidity in Advanced LIGO Interferometer with Optical Losses
The ``optical springs'' regime of the signal-recycled configuration of laser
interferometric gravitational-wave detectors is analyzed taking in account
optical losses in the interferometer arm cavities. This regime allows to obtain
sensitivity better than the Standard Quantum Limits both for a free test mass
and for a conventional harmonic oscillator. The optical losses restrict the
gain in sensitivity and achievable signal-to-noise ratio. Nevertheless, for
parameters values planned for the Advanced LIGO gravitational-wave detector,
this restriction is insignificant.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figure
Negative optical inertia for enhancing the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors
We consider enhancing the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors
by using double optical spring. When the power, detuning and bandwidth of the
two carriers are chosen appropriately, the effect of the double optical spring
can be described as a "negative inertia", which cancels the positive inertia of
the test masses and thus increases their response to gravitational waves. This
allows us to surpass the free-mass Standard Quantum Limit (SQL) over a broad
frequency band, through signal amplification, rather than noise cancelation,
which has been the case for all broadband SQL-beating schemes so far considered
for gravitational-wave detectors. The merit of such signal amplification
schemes lies in the fact that they are less susceptible to optical losses than
noise cancelation schemes. We show that it is feasible to demonstrate such an
effect with the {\it Gingin High Optical Power Test Facility}, and it can
eventually be implemented in future advanced GW detectors.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure
Increasing the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors with double squeezed-input
We consider improving the sensitivity of future interferometric
gravitational-wave detectors by simultaneously injecting two squeezed vacuums
(light), filtered through a resonant Fabry-Perot cavity, into the dark port of
the interferometer.The same scheme with single squeezed vacuum was first
proposed and analyzed by Corbitt et al. Here we show that the extra squeezed
vacuum, together with an additional homodyne detection suggested previously by
one of the authors, allows reduction of quantum noise over the entire detection
band. To motivate future implementations, we take into account a realistic
technical noise budget for Advanced LIGO (AdvLIGO) and numerically optimize the
parameters of both the filter and the interferometer for detecting
gravitational-wave signals from two important astrophysics sources, namely
Neutron-Star--Neutron-Star (NSNS) binaries and Bursts. Assuming the optical
loss of the 30m filter cavity to be 10ppm per bounce and 10dB squeezing
injection, the corresponding quantum noise with optimal parameters lowers by a
factor of 10 at high frequencies and goes below the technical noise at low and
intermediate frequencies.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, Accepted by Phys. Rev.
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