The anticommutator spin algebra, its representations and quantum group invariance

We define a 3-generator algebra obtained by replacing the commutators by anticommutators in the defining relations of the angular momentum algebra. We show that integer spin representations are in one to one correspondence with those of the angular momentum algebra. The half-integer spin representations, on the other hand, split into two representations of dimension j + 1/2. The anticommutator spin algebra is invariant under the action of the quantum group SO_q(3) with q=-1.Comment: 7 A4 page

Can renal hematoma occur without a direct trauma during exercise? A case report

Renal injury can occur during sports activity. Although it is, generally, associated with contact trauma, it is known that the renal injury can be developed during training without a direct trauma. The diagnosis of renal injuries should not be based solely on urine analysis. Computed tomography scan is necessary diagnose possible renal injuries

Differentiate two different cardiac hypertrophy by pulse tissue Doppler imaging: Hypertensive and athletic

Recently, myocardial performance index (MPI) which measured by TDI is a novel method for accurately evaluating systolic and diastolic ventricular function. The index of combined systolic and diastolic ventricular myocardial performance was proposed as a potentially useful predictor of global cardiac function. The aim of this study was to assess myocardial performance index by tissue Doppler imaging in highly competitive athletes and patients with left ventricular hypertrophy due to systemic hypertension in order to determine whether this variable might be used to define these groups. We compared 56 subjects with different types of left ventricular hypertrophy 14 patients with systemic hypertension, and 14 athletes with 28 normal subjects. The peak velocities of myocardial motion at inferior site of mitral annulus were measured by tissue Doppler echocardiography. Although hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy had lower systolic and diastolic velocities that those of athletes, mean MPI was higher in patients and controls than those of athletes (0.74+/-0.02, 0.46+/-0.01, and 0.27+/-0.02, respectively, p<0.001). MPI measured by TDI may facilitate to differentiate between pathologic and physiologic hypertrophy

Right ventricular myocardial performance index and exercise capacity in athletes

Right ventricular function is important for exercise capacity in athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of habitual exercise training on right ventricular global function. Fifty-two male athletes (25 runners, 27 wrestlers) and 43 age-matched sedentary male subjects were studied. All subjects in the study underwent an echocardiography examination and cardiopulmonary exercise test. Maximal oxygen consumption, right ventricular cavity diameters, and diastolic parameters were higher in the athletes than in controls. However, the right ventricular myocardial performance index was lower in athletes compared with controls. Therefore, the right ventricular myocardial performance index showed a negative correlation with maximal oxygen consumption (r = -0.61; P < 0.001). The right ventricular myocardial performance index may reflect changes in right ventricular function and exercise capacity in athletes

Long-term mathematical model involving renal sympathetic nerve activity, arterial pressure, and sodium excretion

This paper presents a physiological long-term model of the cardiovascular system. It integrates the previous models developed by Guyton, Uttamsingh and Coleman. Additionally it introduces mechanisms of direct effects of the renal sympathetic nerve activity (rsna) on tubular sodium reabsorption and renin secretion in accordance with experimental data from literature. The resulting mathematical model constitutes the first long-term model of the cardiovascular system accounting for the effects of rsna on kidney functions in such detail. The objective of developing such a model is to observe the consequences of long-term rsna increase and impairment of rsna inhibition under volume loading. This model provides an understanding of the rsna-related mechanisms, which cause mean arterial pressure increase in hypertension and total sodium amount increase (sodium retention) in congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome and cirrhosis

Repolarization heterogeneity during strenous exercise in hypertensive patients and strenght-trained athletes

The interlead variation in QT interval (QT dispersion) can be used to assess regional inhomogeneity of ventricular repolarization. The spectrum of left ventricular adaptation to exercise, different types of hypertrophy patterns, and QT dispersion in different types of hypertrophy was investigated. We studied 23 male elite wrestlers, 30 patients with high-normal hypertensive and 30 gender-matched normal adults. Firstly, we measured echocardiographic parameters and then all subjects were performed strenuous exercise test and 12 lead ECG was taken at first minute of recovery period. Left ventricular mass and mass index were found to be significantly higher in athletes. However QT dispersion values at peak exercise were found to be decreased in the athlete group compared with hypertensive group (mean ::L SE, 38.8 +/- 3.3 versus 65.3 +/- 5.2 ms, respectively, p<0.01). Left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes is not cause to increase of repolarization heterogeneity. The measurement of QT dispersion could provide a screening method for cardiac problems in athletes

Aortic distensibility and left ventricular diastolic functions in endurance athletes

Aortic elastic properties are important determinants of left ventricular function. The aim of this study was to determine left ventricular diastolic function and aortic distensibility in endurance athletes. Thirty male runners and thirty age-matched healthy male controls took part in the study. All subjects underwent echocardiographic examination and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Measurements included IV cavity dimension, standard and tissue Doppler parameters, and aortic diameter, 3 cm above aortic valve, at systole and diastole. Maximal oxygen uptake in athletes was higher than in controls. The aortic distensibility index was found to be higher in athletes compared with controls (5.37 +/- 1.50 vs. 3.37 +/- 1.48 cm(2) circle dynes(-1) circle 10(-6), P < 0.001). While the aortic stiffness index in athletes was significantly lower than in controls (2.77 +/- 0.28 vs. 3.43 +/- 0.41, p < 0.001). Furthermore, transmitral early peak velocity (E) and late peak velocity (A), peak velocity of myocardial systolic wave (S-m), early (E-m) and atrial (A(m)) diastolic waves in athletes were higher than in controls. It seemed that the association of Em velocity with aortic distensibility was stronger than that of other LV parameters (co-efficient = 0.74, p < 0.001) by using multiple linear regression. In,creased aortic distensibility in endurance-trained athletes may cause better diastolic function as a physiological cardiovascular adaptation factor

Effect of regular training on plasma thiols, malondialdehyde and carnitine concentrations in young soccer players

Physical activity is known to induce oxidative stress in individuals subjected to intense exercise. Contrarily, there are enzymatic and nonenzymatic defence systems against oxygen radicals in aerobic organisms. Sulphydryl groups such as thiol and glutathione (GSH) can be given as an example to nonenzymatic low molecular weight antioxidants. Carnitine may be related to the performance enhancement in high intensity intermittent exercises and might probably improve the aerobic capacity by stimulating lipid oxidation in muscle cells during long term exercise. But, the effects caused by this supplement during physical activity have not been fully described in the literature. The aim of the study was to compare plasma thiols (PSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and carnitine levels and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of the soccers under regular training with the values of the healthy controls. Our results demonstrates that soccers seem to be under less oxidative stress, as their MDA levels were significantly lower (P < 0.001) when compared with the control group while their PSH levels were significantly elevated (P < 0.001), during resting condition. In addition, the plasma carnitine concentrations of the soccer group yields lower values while the VO2max yields a higher value when compared with the control group. The differences between the soccer and the control groups are significant (for both, P < 0.001). The present research reveals the fact that regular soccer training shows beneficial effect on decreasing of lipid peroxidation levels. Furthermore; the sportsmen who are under intense training programs have low plasma carnitine values which do not cause negative effect on their sportive performance