Turbulent mixing and its impact on lower tropospheric moisture over tropical ocean

The variability of lower-tropospheric humidity is a crucial feature of the tropical climate. Among the processes that impact moisture budget, the vertical transport by turbulent mixing is generally overlooked. Using observations from CINDY/DYNAMO campaign, this is a first attempt to quantify it over the tropical ocean. Turbulent patches of ~100 m depth are observed in relation with large vertical gradients of specific humidity. Intense mixing is diagnosed within these intermittent patches. Three approaches are used to diagnose the overall effect of this intermittent turbulence. Large uncertainties on the corresponding eddy diffusivity coefficient arise from parameters hard to experimentally constrain. However, dry conditions are associated with steep moisture vertical gradients above the boundary layers. Owing to the uncertainties on the eddy diffusivity, these gradients can correspond to negligible or to significant moisture tendencies (~0.5-1 g kg-1 day-1) during the recovery following a dry intrusion or the preconditioning stage of an MJO

The significance of clinical symptoms of subchorionic hematomas, “bleeding first”, to stratify the high-risk subgroup of very early preterm delivery

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors that stratify high-risk cases among subchorionic hematomas (SCHs) patients with persistent vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 56 patients who required hospitalization for SCH with vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy were classified into two groups: 1) no hematoma by ultrasonography when vaginal bleeding occurred, and then hematoma was observed by ultrasonography "bleeding to hematoma (BH group, n = 15)" and 2) no vaginal bleeding when hematoma was observed by routine ultrasonography, and then vaginal bleeding occurred later "hematoma to bleeding (HB group, n = 41)". Retrospective cohort study was performed and maternal and neonatal outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: The duration of SCHs and/or vaginal bleeding was significantly longer in the BH group than in the HB group (mean: 60.8 days [BH group] vs. 33.3 days [HB group], p = 0.015). BH group patients delivered earlier than HB group patients significantly (mean: 27.3 weeks [BH group] vs. 35.6 weeks [HB group], p = 0.0028). The frequency of chronic abruption and oligohydramnios sequence (CAOS) was significantly higher in the BH group than in the HB group (3/15; 20.0% [BH group] vs. 0/41; 0.0% [HB group], p = 0.016). The frequency of sever fetal distress (Apgar score <4 points) was significantly higher in the BH group than in the HB group (4/15; 26.7% [BH group] vs. 0/41; 0.0% [HB group], p = 0.0037). The levels of factor XIII were relatively lower in the BH group than in the HB group (mean: 54.8% (n = 4) [BH group] vs. 76.1% (n = 7) [HB group], p = 0.077). CONCLUSION: The order of the symptoms, bleeding first, is an important feature that reflects the subsequent prolonged duration of SCHs/vaginal bleeding, resulting in very early preterm delivery. Continuous hemorrhage consumes coagulation factor XIII, which further worsen the hemostasis

Pre-YMC観測期間中のMJO通過時に劇的に発達したスマトラ西岸沖バリアレイヤーの形成過程

日本気象学会2017年度秋季大会（2017年10月30日～11月2日, 北海道大学学術交流会館） / 発表番号: C101http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/cruise/mirai/mr15-04/

Observation of moisture tendencies related to shallow convection

Tropospheric moisture is a key factor controlling the global climate and its variability. For instance, moistening of the lower troposphere is necessary to trigger the convective phase of a Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO). However, the relative importance of the processes controlling this moistening has yet to be quantified. Among these processes, the importance of the moistening by shallow convection is still debated. The authors use high-frequency observations of humidity and convection from the Research Vessel (R/V) Mirai that was located in the Indian Ocean ITCZ during the Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability/Dynamics of the MJO (CINDY/DYNAMO) campaign. This study is an initial attempt to directly link shallow convection to moisture variations within the lowest 4 km of the atmosphere from the convective scale to the mesoscale. Within a few tens of minutes and near shallow convection occurrences, moisture anomalies of 0.25-0.5 g kg-1 that correspond to tendencies on the order of 10-20 g kg-1 day-1 between 1 and 4 km are observed and are attributed to shallow convective clouds. On the scale of a few hours, shallow convection is associated with anomalies of 0.5-1 g kg-1 that correspond to tendencies on the order of 1-4 g kg-1 day-1 according to two independent datasets: lidar and soundings. This can be interpreted as the resultant mesoscale effect of the population of shallow convective clouds. Large-scale advective tendencies can be stronger than the moistening by shallow convection; however, the latter is a steady moisture supply whose importance can increase with the time scale. This evaluation of the moistening tendency related to shallow convection is ultimately important to develop and constrain numerical models

Pre-YMC観測期間中のMJO通過によるスマトラ西岸沖バリアレイヤーの発達

スマトラ西岸沖では、降水量増大に対応して10月から12月にかけてバリアレイヤーが深まることが、過去の統計的な研究から知られている(e.g. Qiu et al. 2012, GRL)。一方で、個別のMJOと対応した観測例はまだ少なく、月平均よりも細かい時間規模におけるバリアレイヤーの形成・変動過程は、十分に理解されていない。本研究では、2015年11月から12月に行われたPre-YMC観測キャンペーン中に捉えられたMJO(マッデンジュリアン振動)の通過時におけるバリアレイヤー構造の急変について調べた。日本気象学会2016年度秋季大会（2016年10月26日～28日, 名古屋大学東山キャンパス） / 発表番号: D103http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/cruise/mirai/mr15-04/

Pre-YMC中に観測されたMJO強制によって劇的に発達したスマトラ西岸沖バリアレイヤーの形成過程

要旨 ; 2017年度日本海洋学会秋季大会（2017年10月13日～17日, 仙台国際センター 会議棟、東北大学青葉山北キャンパス）http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/cruise/mirai/mr15-04/

The Mixed Layer Variations off the Western Coast of Sumatra Associated with the MJO Passage During the Pre-YMC and YMC

Poster session OS18-D4-PM1-P-024 | OS18-A018 / AOGS 15th Annual Meeting Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (3-8 Jun. 2018, Honolulu, Hawaii

Pre-YMC観測期間中のMJO通過時におけるスマトラ西岸沖バリアレイヤー構造の急変

要旨 ; 2016年度日本海洋学会秋季大会（2016年9月11日～15日, 鹿児島大学）http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/cruise/mirai/mr15-04/

Nivolumab Versus Gemcitabine or Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin for Patients With Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer: Open-Label, Randomized Trial in Japan (NINJA)

PURPOSE: This phase III, multicenter, randomized, open-label study investigated the efficacy and safety of nivolumab versus chemotherapy (gemcitabine [GEM] or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin [PLD]) in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eligible patients had platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer, received ≤ 1 regimen after diagnosis of resistance, and had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score of ≤ 1. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to nivolumab (240 mg once every 2 weeks [as one cycle]) or chemotherapy (GEM 1000 mg/m2 for 30 minutes [once on days 1, 8, and 15] followed by a week's rest [as one cycle], or PLD 50 mg/m2 once every 4 weeks [as one cycle]). The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Secondary outcomes included progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate, duration of response, and safety. RESULTS: Patients (n = 316) were randomly assigned to nivolumab (n = 157) or GEM or PLD (n = 159) between October 2015 and December 2017. Median OS was 10.1 (95% CI, 8.3 to 14.1) and 12.1 (95% CI, 9.3 to 15.3) months with nivolumab and GEM or PLD, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.3; P = .808). Median PFS was 2.0 (95% CI, 1.9 to 2.2) and 3.8 (95% CI, 3.6 to 4.2) months with nivolumab and GEM or PLD, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.9; P = .002). There was no statistical difference in overall response rate between groups (7.6% v 13.2%; odds ratio, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.2 to 1.3; P = .191). Median duration of response was numerically longer with nivolumab than GEM or PLD (18.7 v 7.4 months). Fewer treatment-related adverse events were observed with nivolumab versus GEM or PLD (61.5% v 98.1%), with no additional or new safety risks. CONCLUSION: Although well-tolerated, nivolumab did not improve OS and showed worse PFS compared with GEM or PLD in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer