KINEMATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE WIDE-RADIUS TURNS IN SNOWBIKING

The objective of this study is to determine particular phases of the turn execution in snowbiking and the resulting time measured at the finish line. The 2D and 3D analysis should be carried out, so that the course of each kinematic and dynamic parameter could be interpreted appropriately, in order for it to be used for the purpose of mathematic modelling and by trainers, coaches and competitors. The results produced by this study, satisfied the requirements for determining particular phases of the wide-radius turn execution. In addition, statistically significant relations between the duration of the phases and the time reached at the finish were confirmed. Selected parameters were calculated and interpreted, relevant to the field of dynamics

Measurement of Force Impact Taekwondo Athletes, Assessing the Possibility of Injury of Human Head

AbstractThe article presents the results of measurements impact taekwondo athletes to the board which opens after hitting stroke. Measured values are compared with the results of scientific studies that dealt with human head injuries due to the impacts of various kinds. Most often, these results were determined using cadavers bodies. Force action of the athletes on board was realized by direct punches which are combat sport led to facial parts of opponent. In their own measurement was determined time course of forces impinging on the dynamometer plate including size and direction of the force. Dynamometer measured forces to 10000 N. The frequency was set to 1000Hz. Estimate of accuracy was 0.5% of measured value. A composite plate was attached to a dynamometer using special steel structures. When comparing the results was found that the combat sport of taekwondo strikes, including other power effects (eg. others combat sports, falls, blows to the head in accidents, etc.) can cause fractures of the facial bones and even other human head trauma or cervical vertebrae

Functional Lung Examination in Diagnostics of Asthma and Its Phenotypes

In this chapter, we review the diagnostic approach to asthma phenotypes in children using lung function testing. Various methods are reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Medical history and physical examination including lung auscultation is the first line examination, which may raise the suspicion on asthma. Besides the simple lung auscultation, more advanced approaches (computer analysis of breath sounds) are described. Spirometry and other classical lung function testing methods (body plethysmography, dilution techniques) are discussed with respect to their contribution to asthma diagnostics and phenotype classification. Afterward, impulse oscillometry and methods intended for patients with insufficient cooperation follows. We highlight their potential in diagnostics of early asthma stages. Measurement of exhaled nitric oxide is discussed and its potential for allergic asthma (eosinophilic inflammation) detection is assessed. In conclusion, various lung function testing methods may contribute to both setting the diagnosis of asthma itself and classification of asthma phenotypes. Their smart combination allows for more precise diagnostics and treatment of young patient with bronchial asthma

INTRAKRANIÁLNÍ TLAK A JEHO IDENTIFIKAČNÍ MOŽNOSTI PŘI LÉČBĚ KRANIOCEREBRÁLNÍHO PORANĚNÍ

The article describes the health care of the craniocerebral injury (CCI) in its secondary stage. The main problem in this stage is to prevent the rise of the intracranial pressure (ICP). We show three examples how necessary treatment interventions cause the differences in the intracranial pressure. We discuss the results and give some recommendations how to regulate the conditions of the necessary interventions

The relationship between pelvis inclination, exercise and low back pain (LBP) during pregnancy [Vztah mezi bolestí zad, sklonem pánve a vhodnou pohybovou aktivitou v těhotenství]

BACKGROUND: Pain in the lower region of the back and pelvis – also called "Low Back Pain" (LBP) - is very frequent during pregnancy. According to many authors it is a major complaint of more than half of all pregnant women; it causes mental and physical discomfort. The etiology of LBP during pregnancy is still not fully known. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of our research was to objectify the relationship between the presence of LBP, the training level of the postural muscles and the degree of the pelvic inclination of women in the third trimester of pregnancy. That is why the relationship between pelvic inclination and LBP occurrence is compared within the context of two groups – reasonable physically active as compared to physically inactive women. METHODS: Twenty-seven pregnant probands aged 20 – 35 years and in the second half of their third trimester were included in the experiment. All of them complained of pain in their lumbar spine and in the pelvicarea. They were divided into two groups: 14 physically inactive women and 13 physically active women, who have been performing physical activity for at least 135 minutes per week for at least 1 year before conception and for at least 90 minutes per week during pregnancy. The exercises were focused on the functioning of the postural system, e.g. yoga, Pilatespilatek and exercises by Mojzisova. We measured the inclination of the pelvis (using non-invasive anthropometric measuring) and observed the presence of pain in the selected area: clinically via the Patrick-Faber test and posterior pelvic pain provocation test and subjectively with the aid of a standardized LBP related survey. The statistical methods used were the t-test, the median and Wilcoxon-White test and the Spearman factor of serial correlations. RESULTS: We observed a statistically significant difference between the pelvic inclination of physically active and inactive women (using a t-test for non-pair values with a significance level of p = 0.01). Another significant difference was evident between the subjective pain sensation of regularly exercising and non-exercising women, which was proven by both the median and the Wilcoxon-White tests (p = 0.01). A significant relationship between pelvic inclination and the sensation of pain classified in a survey by means of a 1-10 scale was proven by the Spearman factor of serial correlations (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Using mathematical statistical methods, our study has proven the important role of physical activity during pregnancy - its relationship to pain sensation and to the degree of pelvic inclination. We consider these results to be very important, especially from the perspective of LBP prevention during pregnancy.[VÝCHODISKA: Bolesti v oblasti bederní páteře a pánve - tzv. "Low Back Pain" (LBP) – jsou v těhotenství velmi časté. Podle mnoha autorů si na tyto bolesti stěžuje více než polovina těhotných a přináší jim psychické i tělesné nepohodlí. Příčiny těchto bolestí během těhotenství nejsou stále ještě zcela známé. CÍLE: Hlavním cílem našeho výzkumu byla objektivizace vztahu mezi výskytem LBP, trénovaností posturálního svalstva a mírou inklinace pánve u žen ve třetím trimestru těhotenství. Proto byl vztah mezi sklonem pánve a výskytem LBP porovnán v rámci dvou skupin – přiměřené sportujících a nesportujících žen. METODIKA: Do experimentu bylo zahrnuto 27 těhotných probandek ve věkové kategorii 20 - 35 let, které byly ve druhé polovině třetího trimestru. Všechny probandky udávaly bolest v oblasti bederních segmentů páteře a pánve. Tento soubor byl rozdělen do dvou skupin: 14 nesportujících žen a 13 pravidelně sportujících žen, které se v průběhu těhotentsví účastnily komerčních cvičebních kurzů - minimálně 3 krát týdně po 45 minutách; cvičení byla zaměřena na aktivaci posturálních svalů (např. jóga, Pilates, cvičení dle Mojžíšové). Zjišťovali jsme sklon pánve (pomocí neinvazivního antropometrického měření) a sledovali jsme existenci bolesti v této oblasti, a to klinickým vyšetřením pomocí Patrik-Feberova testu a Provokačního testu posteriorní pánevní bolesti, a subjektivně pomocí standardizovaného dotazníku týkajícího se Low Back Pain. VÝSLEDKY: Statistická analýza pomocí t-testu pro nezávislé výběry prokázala významný rozdíl mezi sklonem pánve žen pravidelně sportujících a nesportujících. Analýza pomocí Wilcoxon-Whiteova i pomocí mediánového testu prokázala, že existuje významný rozdíl mezi subjektivním pociťováním bolesti u žen pravidelně cvičících a necvičících. Dále byl pomocí Spearmanova korelačního koeficientu prokázán statisticky významný vztah mezi sklonem pánve a cítěním bolesti stanovené v dotazníku škálou 1 – 10 bodů. ZÁVĚRY: Pomocí metod matematické statistiky naše studie potvrdila významnou roli tělesné aktivity v období gravidity ve vztahu k cítění bolesti a ke sklonu pánve. Tyto výsledky považujeme za velmi důležité zejména z hlediska prevence LBP u těhotných.

RESPONSE OF A UTERUS TO IMPACT LOADING DURING PREGNANCY

INTRODUCTION: The improvement of pregnant women's safety in work, leisure and physical activities is an important issue in any society. Impact loading of a pregnant uterus often causes various complications during pregnancy, including a possible unwanted miscarriage. The determination of the vibration frequency of the uterus during pregnancy is relevant for further mathematical-physical interpretation. METHODS: A high-frequency cinematographic recording of a pregnant uterus' response to a defined impact loading was analyzed using a film analyzer. A pregnant uterus, inclusive of the topically relevant organs (5.1 kg), was represented by a pregnant woman in the presence of a gynecologist. The impact load was realized by standing on tiptoe and free fall on the heels. RESULTS: The selected behavioral characteristics of the examined object are as follows: - impulse 2.72 Ns - T – period 0.933 s - amplitude 0.009 m - frequency 1.07 Hz - absorption 6.73 s-1 The real angular frequencies that are necessary for the assessment of the risk frequency zone of vibrations proved to be relevant for further practical interpretation, as well as the viscous absorption coefficient reflecting value changes in the volitional activity of an individual, which can be changed in relation to the perception of external conditions. For this we do not have a correct value. CONCLUSIONS: Regarding the methodological difficulty, the above-mentioned characteristics must be considered limiting. First, it will be made more accurate, and then it will be used in mathematical modeling of the impact loading of a pregnant uterus and will contribute to solving the risky physical routines of pregnant women in the area of sports, leisure and work activities

Optimal Velocity to Achieve Maximum Power Output – Bench Press for Trained Footballers

Optimal Velocity to Achieve Maximum Power Output – Bench Press for Trained Footballers In today’s world of strength training there are many myths surrounding effective exercising with the least possible negative effect on one’s health. In this experiment we focus on the finding of a relationship between maximum output, used load and the velocity with which the exercise is performed. The main objective is to find the optimal speed of the exercise motion which would allow us to reach the maximum mechanic muscle output during a bench press exercise. This information could be beneficial to sporting coaches and recreational sportsmen alike in helping them improve the effectiveness of fast strength training. Fifteen football players of the FK Třinec football club participated in the experiment. The measurements were made with the use of 3D cinematic and dynamic analysis, both experimental methods. The research subjects participated in a strength test, in which the mechanic muscle output of 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, 90% and one repetition maximum (1RM) was measured. The acquired result values and other required data were modified using Qualisys Track Manager and Visual 3D software (C-motion, Rockville, MD, USA). During the bench press exercise the maximum mechanic muscle output of the set of research subjects was reached at 75% of maximum exercise motion velocity. Optimální rychlost pohybu pro dosažení maxima výstupního výkonu – bench press u trénovaných fotbalistů Dnešní svět silového tréninku přináší řadu mýtů o tom, jak cvičit efektivně a zároveň s co nejmenším negativním vlivem na zdraví člověka. V tomto experimentu se zabýváme nalezením vztahu mezi maximálním výkonem, použitou zátěží a rychlostí. Hlavním úkolem je nalezení optimální rychlosti pohybu pro dosažení maximálního mechanického svalového výkonu při cvičení bench press, což pomůže nejenom trenérům, ale i rekreačním sportovcům zefektivnit trénink rychlé síly. Tohoto výzkumu se zúčastnilo 15 fotbalistů týmu FK Třinec. Měření probíhalo za použití 3D kinematické a dynamické analýzy pohybu experimentální metody. Zkoumaná skupina se zúčastnila silového testu, u kterého byl měřen mechanický svalový výkon s 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, 90 % a jednoho opakovacího maxima (1RM). Získané hodnoty výsledků a potřebné údaje byly následně upravovány v programech Qualisys Track Manager a Visual 3D software (C-motion, Rockville, MD, USA). Při cvičení bench press bylo maximálního mechanického svalového výkonu dosahováno u výzkumného souboru při rychlosti cvičení 75 % maximální rychlosti