Sub-National Capabilities to Perform a Strategic Innovation-Policy, the Example of Biotech in Munich

In this paper we argue that sub-national public units do have a wide range of innovation policy related tools and thus the opportunity to conduct a proper and effective innovation policy, independently from superior policy levels. However, as the following example of Bavarian technology and innovation policy in the field of biotechnology discloses, several crucial particularities have to be taken into account. These are on the one hand organisational specifications of the promoted industry, on the other hand the connectivity to policy programmes on higher policy levels. To examine that kind of policy measures, the authors have applied a new biographical method on the firm level. In so doing we thoroughly examined knowledge and financial flows of biotechnology companies in the Munich area and were hence able to soundly qualify the impact of sub-national policy measures. As a consequence the authors were enabled to identify key institutional arrangements, as the focus on one specific location (clustering), the setting up of public support organizations as well as public Venture Capital (VC), and others. The surprising result of our survey: Munich firms benefited much more from sub-national policies than from any other policy level.Regional economies; knowledge economy; biotechnology; Germany, sub-national innovation pol

Shear Viscosities from Kubo Formalism in a large-NcN_{\rm c} Nambu--Jona-Lasinio Model

In this work the shear viscosity of strongly interacting matter is calculated within a two-flavor Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model as a function of temperature and chemical potential. The general Kubo formula is applied, incorporating the full Dirac structure of the thermal quark spectral function and avoiding commonly used on-shell approximations. Mesonic fluctuations contributing via Fock diagrams provide the dominant dissipative processes. The resulting ratio $\eta/s$ (shear viscosity over entropy density) decreases with temperature and chemical potential. Interpolating between our NJL results at low temperatures and hard-thermal-loop results at high temperatures a minimum slightly above the AdS/CFT benchmark $\eta/s=1/4\pi$ is obtained.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures. Revision with minor corrections matches published versio

Problems and Prospects of Interdisciplinarity: The Case of Philosophy of Science

In this paper, we discuss some problems and prospects of interdisciplinary encounters by focusing on philosophy of science as a case study. After introducing the case, we give an overview about the various ways in which philosophy of science can be interdisciplinary in Section 2. In Section 3, we name some general problems concerning the possible points of interaction between philosophy of science and the sciences studied. In Section 4 we compare the advantages and risks of interdisciplinarity for individual researchers and institutions. In Section 5, we discuss interdisciplinary PhD programs, in particular concerning two main problems: increased workload and the quality of supervision. In the final Section 6, we look at interdisciplinary careers beyond the PhD

Eleutherodactylus amplinympha

Number of Pages: 4Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Constitutional Law—Jurisdiction of State Court not Pre-empted by National Housing Act

Northridge Cooperative v. 32nd Avenue Construction Corporation, 2 N.Y.2d 514, 161 N.Y.S.2d 404 (1957)

Municipal Corporations—Zoning Laws—Aesthetic Considerations

Presnell v. Leslie, 3 N.Y.2d 384, 165 N.Y.S.2d 488 (1957)

Short Cycle Covers of Cubic Graphs and Graphs with Minimum Degree Three

The Shortest Cycle Cover Conjecture of Alon and Tarsi asserts that the edges of every bridgeless graph with $m$ edges can be covered by cycles of total length at most $7m/5=1.400m$. We show that every cubic bridgeless graph has a cycle cover of total length at most $34m/21\approx 1.619m$ and every bridgeless graph with minimum degree three has a cycle cover of total length at most $44m/27\approx 1.630m$