Childhood obesity intervention studies: A narrative review and guide for investigators, authors, editors, reviewers, journalists, and readers to guard against exaggerated effectiveness claims

Being able to draw accurate conclusions from childhood obesity trials is important to make advances in reversing the obesity epidemic. However, obesity research sometimes is not conducted or reported to appropriate scientific standards. To constructively draw attention to this issue, we present 10 errors that are commonly committed, illustrate each error with examples from the childhood obesity literature, and follow with suggestions on how to avoid these errors. These errors are as follows: using self-reported outcomes and teaching to the test; foregoing control groups and risking regression to the mean creating differences over time; changing the goal posts; ignoring clustering in studies that randomize groups of children; following the forking paths, subsetting, p-hacking, and data dredging; basing conclusions on tests for significant differences from baseline; equating “no statistically significant difference” with “equally effective”; ignoring intervention study results in favor of observational analyses; using one-sided testing for statistical significance; and stating that effects are clinically significant even though they are not statistically significant. We hope that compiling these errors in one article will serve as the beginning of a checklist to support fidelity in conducting, analyzing, and reporting childhood obesity research

比較臺灣與大陸遊客對臺灣夜市之服務品質、知覺價值與顧客滿意度─以士林夜市為例

[[abstract]]大陸是全球矚目的旅遊市場，2010年也成為我國主要客源國，大陸觀光客所到之處對當地的經濟都頗具影響力，成為國際觀光旅遊業的重要市場。根據交通部觀光局2010年「中華民國來臺旅客消費及動向調查」之統計資料中旅客主要遊覽景點排名「夜市」均名列第一，夜市不僅是臺灣民眾夜間喜愛的消費活動，更是外國旅客來臺旅遊必經之處，為臺灣帶?國際型的觀光消費市場。本研究旨在比較臺灣與大陸遊客對士林夜市之服務品質、知覺價值與顧客滿意度的認知差異程度；分析與探討服務品質、知覺價值與顧客滿意度之關係，作為提供夜市與相關單位改善檢視之依據。本研究主要針對士林夜市之臺灣與大陸遊客進行結構式問卷抽樣調查，內容包含服務品質、知覺價值、顧客滿意度與遊客背景等部分。問卷以便利抽樣方式發放320份，回收率100％，有效問卷為98.43％。資料分析方法採用描述性統計、信度分析、因素分析、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森相關分析與迴歸分析。研究結果顯示：1.遊客背景屬性對服務品質、知覺價值與顧客滿意度部分有顯著差異。2.大陸與臺灣遊客對服務品質、知覺價值與顧客滿意度部分有顯著差異。3.服務品質對知覺價值有正向顯著差異。4.服務品質對顧客滿意度有正向顯著差異。5.知覺價值對顧客滿意度有正向顯著差異。6.臺灣與大陸遊客具有部份認知差異

Combining facial and postural expressions of emotions in a virtual character

Abstract. Psychology suggests highly synchronized expressions of emotion across different modalities. Few experiments jointly studied the relative contribution of facial expression and body posture to the overall perception of emotion. Computational models for expressive virtual characters have to consider how such combinations will be perceived by users. This paper reports on two studies exploring how subjects perceived a virtual agent. The first study evaluates the contribution of the facial and postural expressions to the overall perception of basic emotion categories, as well as the valence and activation dimensions. The second study explores the impact of incongruent expressions on the perception of superposed emotions which are known to be frequent in everyday life. Our results suggest that the congruence of facial and bodily expression facilitates the recognition of emotion categories. Yet, judgments were mainly based on the emotion expressed in the face but were nevertheless affected by postures for the perception of the activation dimension